The 21st IAPRI World Conference on Packaging
Research and Application Progress of Anti-counterfeiting Technology Based on Intelligent Material
With the rapid development of market economy and information technology, some traditional anti-counterfeiting technologies are constantly cracked by lawbreakers. The improvement and transformation of anti-counterfeiting technologies become inevitable, and the emerging anti-counterfeiting technologies continue to move towards greenization, intelligence and popularization. Based on the research status domestic and overseas, the paper not only defined the basic concepts of smart materials, but divided them into four parts including novel nano-materials, stimulus response materials, shape memory materials and other new-type materials. The anti-counterfeiting mechanism and application cases of new nano-ink, nano-structure material and nano-composite were introduced emphatically. The research progress and potential application in anti-counterfeiting areas of stimulus-responsive materials were overviewed briefly from the perspective of inducement factors of light, electricity and magnetism etc. In addition, the basic principle of the anti-counterfeiting labels combined with the shape memory materials was analyzed. Finally, the paper also involved the anti-counterfeiting applications of other intelligent anti-counterfeit materials, such as new card-based material (PHA), functional anti-counterfeiting paper and molding resin, which expanded the application fields of intelligent materials. It concluded that intelligent materials have a broad application in the field of anti-counterfeiting. The paper can provide a powerful theoretical guide for the further application of intelligent materials in anti-counterfeiting.
Controlled Release of Potassium Sorbate from Pectin/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Active Films
The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of potassium sorbate (PS) from low methoxyl pectin/carboxymethyl cellulose (LMP/CMC) films with montmorillonite (MMT) and CaCl2 into food simulant. The release kinetics of PS were described using Fickian model. The content of MMT was ranged from 0 to 12%, and the corresponding diffusion coefficients were obtained from 0.96×10-12 to 0.23×10-12 cm2·s-1. The content of CaCl2 was ranged from 1% to 8%, and the corresponding diffusion coefficients were obtained from 0.96×10-12 to 0.32×10-12 cm2·s-1. The results shown that the addition of MMT and CaCl2 decrease or declay the release rate of PS from film matrixes. The addition of MMT and CaCl2 also resulted into the decreasing of partition coefficient, significantly. The results indicate that the film has a good potential to achieve a controlled release in antimicrobial packaging.
Intelligent Film Based on Agar and Natural Dye from Arnebia Euchroma Root Extracts as a Visual Colorimetric Indicator
Natural dyes extracted from Arnebia euchroma root were immobilized in agar to prepare a colorimetric pH sensing film, which showed an obvious color change from red to blue in the pH range 3.0-12.0. The UV-vis spectra of natural dye in solution and in the sensing film were studied. FT-IR and UV-vis spectra of the colorimetric films showed that Arnebia euchroma root extracts (AEREs) were successfully immobilized into agar matrix. Mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, elongation to break, and Young’s modulus) of pH indicator films with and without AEREs were contrasted. Color response of this pH sensing film to NH3 standard solution was also researched respectively and results showed that the colorimetric films with lower content of AEREs were more sensitive towards volatile ammonia. The colorimetric indicator film is expected to provide a convenient, non-destructive and visual method to help the estimation of fish spoilage during storage.
Major Technical Challenges to Overcome for Successful Exploitation of Active and Intelligent Packaging Technologies
Active and Intelligent packaging (AIP) technologies have huge potentials to optimise the food supply chain, to better preserve the quality of the food and enhance the consciousness of the utilisation of food. During the last decades, an extensive research on AIP technologies is being undertaken. However, only very few of these technologies have been implemented successfully in commercial food packaging systems. To identify the key technical, social, economic and legislative factors relevant for a successful development of AIP solutions, a knowledge- based network, European COST Action “Active and intelligent fibre-based packaging - innovation and market introduction (ActInPak)â€ has been initiated. Currently, 43 countries are involved in the network, with participants representing 209 academic institutions, 35 technical centres, and 83 industrial partners. Among the hurdles for commercial exploitation of AIP technologies, technological challenges are very crucial for successful development of such solutions. Within the COST Action, AIP technologies have been reviewed to identify the most promising technologies. Afterwards, through expert panel discussions and workshops with participants from academic institutions and industrial partners, major technological challenges for successful implementation of such AIP technologies have been identified and discussed in depth. The major technological challenges have been classified as; -Active component: Availability, storage, release, consistence, quality -Intelligent component: Resources, reliability, quality, stability -Integration in packaging: Integration methods, stability of active or intelligent component, activation -Packaging of food: Interaction with food, organoleptic, food safety -Logistic: Information flow, storage conditions, shelf life, sensitivity, deactivation -Quality control: Stability of AIP, quality control at suppliers, producers, food packers, and consumers -End of life: Recyclability, environmental impact, food waste
Development of Alginate Based Edible Antifungal Film Containing Turmeric Essential Oil and Its Various Characterization
An antifungal alginate films incorporated with turmeric oil was developed. Turmeric oil at different concentrations (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5%) was added to the matrix of 1.5% of sodium alginate, 0.243g of glycerol per gram of alginate, 0.03g of calcium carbonate and 5.4g of glucono-delta lactone per gram of calcium carbonate. Film with no turmeric oil was used as control. The physical (thickness and color), mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break), barrier properties (oxygen and water vapor permeability), chemical property (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) and antifungal activity of the film were evaluated. The effects of these films were studied against various important fungi i.e. Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. isolated from banana. Vapor assay method was used to measure the mycelium growth. Incorporation of essential oil had an effect on various parameters of the film. With the increasing turmeric oil concentrations, thickness of the film significantly (p 0.05) increased, while total color change decreased. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed in tensile strength, modulus and elongation. Turmeric oil significantly (p 0.05) increased the oxygen permeability and water vapor permeability of the film as compared to the control. New peak of C-C bond on the FTIR analysis in each level of turmeric oil suggested the presence of antifungal agent. The inhibition of mycelium growth of Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were 26.36, 51.81 and 73.63%, 0.0, 9.25 and 28.70% and 0.32, 0.3 and 32.68% at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% of turmeric oil, respectively. In conclusion, incorporation of natural extract of the turmeric oil into alginate edible film has a great potential to inhibit the microbial growth and may be used for postharvest control of fruits.
Release of Nanoparticles from Polymer Nanocomposites: Influence of Size and Others
The use of polymer nanocomposites as packaging materials has caused increasing concern regarding the potential release of nanoparticles which may impact the environment and human health. Studies have been carried out to investigate the release of nanoparticles from polymer nanocomposites under various conditions. The current findings showed that the release of nanoparticles only occurred at the polymer surface and therefore was considered a surface phenomenon. Although the amount of nanoparticle release was varied by changing some factors or testing conditions, the release behavior of nanoparticles (surface phenomenon) remained unchanged. There should be a factor that dominated the release behavior of nanoparticles, and this factor was assumed to be size. If this assumption is true, the release behavior of nanoparticle may be changed by reducing the particle size comparable to the size of small molecules whose release behavior is described as a migration process. So, it is of great interest to investigate the release behavior of nanoparticles by reducing their size. Quantum dots could be a good candidate due to their extremely small size (below 10 nm) and luminescent properties (for easy tracking). By far, study on the release of nanoparticles with a size below 10 nm is scarce. Investigation in this area will expand the research on nanoparticle release and gain further understanding on the release behavior of nanoparticles.
Monitoring of Oxygen Using Colorimetric Indicator Based on Graphene/TiO2 Composite with First-order Kinetics of Methylene Blue for Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Oxygen is crucial in food preservation and food spoilage. For the purpose of monitoring intact of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) by nondestructive testing and controlling the reaction rate during recovery stage, we report a convenient and visual colorimetric oxygen indicator based on a graphene /titanium oxide composite, incorporating glycerol, methylene blue (MB), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The graphene/titanium oxide (GNT) composite was synthesized through a modified Hummers synthesis of graphene oxide, followed by the hydro-thermal treatment with butyl titanate without using any reducing agent, then the morphology and structure characteristics were analyzed by XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectra, UV-vis, SEM and TEM. According to the performance tests using UV-vis and CIElab, the indicator demonstrated the pseudo first-order kinetics of MB for modified atmosphere packaging in detecting stage. It is confirmed with the results that the prepared colorimetric indicator can actually detect the intact of MAP without destruction. Additionally, the reaction time of indicator in recovery stage can be controlled by changing the concentration of MB, because of pseudo first-order kinetics.
Research Progress of Anti-counterfeiting Based on Information Technology
With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the improvement of anti-counterfeiting technology has become an inevitable choice under the current situation of increasing counterfeiting activities and people’ enhanced awareness towards anti-counterfeiting. Novel anti-counterfeiting technology will constantly develop towards intellectualization and popularization. Based on the research status all over the world, the paper summarized the research progress of anti-counterfeiting based on information technology and defined the basic concepts of information anti-counterfeiting technology. Then, the research progress of anti-counterfeiting based on information technology was introduced in detail according to the references. In particular, the information anti-counterfeiting mechanism and application cases combined with intelligent label, network communication technology and digital image processing technology were introduced emphatically. In addition, the basic principle of the radio frequency identification system combined with anti-counterfeiting was analyzed. The application research of internet and mobile terminal in anti-counterfeiting also were summarized. Finally, the information anti-counterfeiting application based on image processing was introduced, and the application field of information technology was expanded. With the rapid development of information technology, the application potential of information anti-counterfeiting is huge and the application prospect of information anti-counterfeiting in intelligent packaging is very considerable. The paper provides a powerful theoretical basis for promoting the development and application of information technology in anti-counterfeiting.
Radio Frequency Identification in Packaging System: Applications and Issues
When the goods are in the condition of production, storage, transportation and consumption, the traditional transportation packaging is unable to real-time monitor the cargo status． That will cause some food problems such as spoilage. Application of radio frequency identification （RFID ）technology can improve inventory management, trace the whole process, reduce food waste.Although the adoption of RFID technology is increasing in a number of companies, but the RFID system has not able to get a large number of promotion and application in the field of packaging. The following are some main reasons: high cost of the label, acquisition and processing of large amount of data and different packaging sizes.In this paper, RFID technology, application and problem is reviewed and the corresponding improvement scheme is proposed to promote the application of RFID in package system.
Design and Application of Double Active Integrated Fresh-keeping Packaging in Fresh Keeping for Banana
Banana is one of the respiration climacteric fruit which is not easy to store and transport. Use the functional film E (films having high oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and high carbon dioxide transmission rate (CO2TR)) and the functional film D (film having high water vapor transmission rates (WVTR)) to design the double active integrated fresh-keeping packaging (DAFIFP) with the multi-active integration design theory. The inside environment of the double active integrated fresh-keeping packaging was evaluated by the factors such as the headspace gas in bag, vitamin C (VC),appearance quality, soluble solids content and weight loss rate. The results show that, the double active integrated fresh-keeping packaging to maximize the nutritional content of bananas to maintain the good appearance of banana quality. D20E80 integrated fresh packaging preservation effect is excellent which can make the shelf life of banana up to 15 days at 25oC.
Application and Research of Vanadium Dioxide in Intelligent Temperature Control Package
In recent years, the use of intelligent temperature-control window has aroused the attention on vanadium dioxide (VO2) with the ability of thermal phase-change, and its application in intelligent packaging is also a hot topic of research. In this paper, the nanometer VO2 powder is coated into the middle of two PET film layers by using a certain proportion glycerin and ethanol mixtures as adhesive. A certain amount of pure water packed with the prepared composite membrane is heated by special heat-radiation device; the heat-resistant effect of the prepared composite membrane after the VO2 phase transition is watched by measuring the temperature of pure water, the infrared transmittance change of the composite membrane is also determined. We also studied the effect of VO2 phase transition temperature by doped tungsten. The experimental results show that the phase transition temperature is 18.6 Ä±/at. % with doped tungsten and the prepared composite membrane can barrier the heat-radiation and infrared transmittance effectively, which will be used more in the intelligent packaging.
A Simplified Method of Cushioning-Package Design Using Structural Corrugated Boards
Cushioning packages are used to protect products from shocks during transport. Cushioning materials can be roughly divided into two groups, namely, expanded plastic and paper. The design method using expanded plastic cushioning materials applies a cushion curve based on the results of dynamic-compression tests. However, because no efficient packaging-design method yet exists for paper cushioning materials, packaging engineers must rely on previous experience and the so-called trial-and-error method to design packaging. Therefore, this study focuses on corrugated boards, the most widely used paper cushioning material, and develops a simplified design method needing only one dynamic-compression test. To verify the validity of our method, we use it to design a cushioning package and confirm that the difference between experimental and predicted results is less than 5%, which can be considered sufficient accuracy.
Developing Test Schedules for Simulating Multiaxial Vibratory Motions of Delivery Vehicles
Until recently, a vehicle’s vertical vibrations were considered the main cause of damage during transport. Consequently, laboratory testing has been undertaken by simulating heave (vertical) vibrations alone. However, with increasing demand for a reduction in packaging waste, there is an impetus to use lightweight systems, such as stretch film, for containing unitized loads. Such containment systems are susceptible to the lateral forces generated by the vibratory motions that arise from the pitch and roll vibratory motion of vehicles due to road surface unevenness. If laboratory simulation is to be realistic, multi-axial motion must be taken into account and an understanding of the relationships between the random heave, pitch, and roll vibrations is essential. This paper uses vibration data collected from a number transport vehicles traveling along typical urban and suburban routes to establish the nature and level of the multi-axial vibrations that exist. These are presented with average Power Density Spectra (PDS) as well as time histories and statistical distributions of salient moving statistics such as the root-mean-square (rms). The paper analyses the data for correlation of the rms levels with respect to nonstationarity. This is important when simulating nonstationary (randomly fluctuating rms) vibrations across the three degrees of freedom (DoF) namely, heave, pitch and roll. These statistical correlation functions are used to manage the relative rms levels of each of the three DoFs when undertaking vibration simulations using multi-axis vibration test systems. The results show that the relationships between moving rms of heave, pitch and roll vibrations are not highly correlated but can be characterized statistically as joint distributions to enable realistic simulation of multi-axial random vibrations of road transport vehicles under controlled laboratory conditions.
Investigation on Vibration Scuffing Life Curves
The printing images on products and packaging play an important role in increasing the business value, adding artistic quality and sending information. During transportation, scuffing of the printing images will emerge due to vibrations and impacts induced by rough roads and vehicles. This paper investigates experimentally the vibration scuffing through an ink transfer device. The scuffing value - time curves are obtained. Then, the scuffing life curves based on excitation acceleration RMS and based on relative acceleration RMS are respectively developed. Both Basquin type and exponential type curves may be applied to describe the scuffing life in this case. The excitation frequency width covering the resonance frequency has a significant effect on the scuffing life curve based on excitation acceleration RMS, however, it is not obvious on the scuffing life curve based on relative acceleration RMS. The vibration system filters out the broadband excitation vibration frequencies away from the resonance zone, and makes the relative acceleration signal a narrow one. The scuffing life curve in the resonance scuffing state is very different from that in the non-resonance scuffing state, and they should be distinguished in practical application. The scuffing life equations and curves obtained in this paper may provide a reference to the further research on packaging scuffing and its test evaluation and accelerated vibration test in laboratory.
Influence of Jumping Phenomenon on Response of Package Under Random Vibration
Since asymmetric contact is characteristic of the package surface, jumping phenomenon may happen under strong random vibration. To study the influence of jumping phenomenon on package response, a piecewise linear random vibration model is established. By applying Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) equation method, distribution of displacement composed of Gaussian distribution and exponential distribution is obtained. After that, distribution of maxima of displacement composed of Rayleigh distribution and exponential distribution is obtained. The proportion of time taken by loss of contact in a single cycle is studied under different peak of displacements. When the peak of displacement is from 1 to 3, the period is from 2 to 2.56, and proportion of time taken by loss of contact is from 0 to near 50%. By applying the relation between peak of displacement and contact force, distribution of maxima of contact force can be obtained as translational Rayleigh distribution, which is also proved by numerical simulation and experiment respectively. Moreover, by numerical simulation, distribution of acceleration and time history of modified displacement are obtained. It is found that when RMS value of displacement signal increases, probability of loss of contact becomes greater, and the time cost by the same number of cycles will be prolonged. By experiment, distribution of acceleration and acceleration PSD are obtained. It is found that when random excitation increases, the probability of –g increases and the frequency corresponding to peak of acceleration PSD declines. It indicates that the loss of contact causes the decline of the central frequency.
Proposal of Simple Shock Testing Method for Protective Packaging
Damage Boundary Test has been carrying out to identify Damage Boundary Curve (DBC), critical shock acceleration and critical velocity change, of products. DBC contributes to realize an optimized protective packaging. Current method of this test has been regulated as ASTM D3332 or JIS Z0119 that always requests 2 pieces of specimen to describe DBC by an expensive shock machine with a square shock pulse. However, oftentimes it is difficult to prepare them for packaging engineers because of high cost testing machine or lack of test samples available on a development process with short term. Accordingly, this new simple testing system was developed that can obtain the critical acceleration of specimen roughly with easy way and low cost. This proposal system has 2 viewpoints of new development. One is a development of an inexpensive shock testing machine that combines between a drop tester for packaging and a specified shock table jig can generate a half sine shock pulse. Other one is the development of new testing method by single specimen suitable for this new machine.
Analytical Model Construction of Natural Frequency for Paper Honeycomb Sandwich Plate—Block System
Considering the slight deformation of the paper honeycomb sandwich plate in the vibration, the stiffness coefficient of the paper honeycomb sandwich plate was equivalent to the elasticity. The analytical model of natural frequency related to the structural and material parameters of the paper honeycomb sandwich plate and mass of block was derived. Subsequently, 5 different paper honeycomb sandwich plates and 3 different blocks were chosen to modify the analytical model by finite element method and verify it by experiment. The results show that the modifying factorl is 0.606 and the error between analytical and experimental results is less than 10%. In the future, the analytical model can be used to predict the natural frequency of paper honeycomb sandwich plate with different structural parameters under different blocks. Therefore, it provides the necessary theoretical reference for the optimization design of paper honeycomb sandwich plate.
Influence of Relative Humidity on Energy Absorption of Honeycomb Paperboard
Environmental factors especially relative humidity play an important role on the energy absorption performance of honeycomb paperboard. The energy absorption characteristics and system theories of energy absorption diagrams containing relative humidity factor of honeycomb paperboard are investigated. Energy absorption diagrams were constructed based on practical static compression test and MATLAB simulation at four relative humidity conditions (30%, 50%, 70% and 90%). A good agreement is achieved between theoretical and experimental energy absorption curves. Energy absorption diagrams both achieved by the experiments and the mathematical models show that the increase of thickness-to-length ratios, t/l, of paper honeycomb core or the decrease of relative humidity resulted in the increase of the compression energy absorption capability. The introduction of environmental factor such as relative humidity can help to optimize the structures of paper honeycomb sandwiches.
Panel in-Plane Stiffness from Vertical Strain Analysis in Box Compression Test
This work is aimed at examining the overall contributions to displacement of a compressed box panel, such as panel compression strain and flap and crease displacements. 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to analyse motion of a side panel of a corrugated fibreboard regular slotted container (RSC). The vertical displacement and the vertical component of strain of the panel face during box compression test are examined. Measuring displacements of the whole compressed box with DIC enables measurement of the in-plane compression of a panel in isolation from the horizontal fold or crease zone displacement, without having to test tube sections of the box to infer or extract the in-plane panel compression behaviour. Detailed study of one box design is presented, which in future could be extended to other box designs. Although the crosshead displacement during box compression testing was 10.6 mm at peak load, the in-plane compression of the panel, calculated from the average vertical component of the strain along the right edge of the long panel of the box, was 0.68 mm. At peak load, the portion of the box compression associated with bottom box flaps or crease zone crushing was 6.25 mm. The analysis shows that the majority of the vertical displacement of the box occurred in the top and bottom creased folds and that these folds are responsible for the low apparent in-plane stiffness of the box. The implications of these findings for box design are discussed.
Damping and Cushioning Characteristics of a Polyjet 3D Printed Photopolymer Kelvin Foam
This study extends previous research on the measurement of a 3D printed foam’s quasi-static cushion properties, to include cushion and damping properties due to impact loading. In order to develop analytical packaging models of 3D printed materials, it is essential to know how energy induced by shipping and handling is dissipated through damping. Compared to the cushion curve, investigating how damping influences packaging design is relatively unfamiliar to the packaging practitioner. This study uses experimentally derived hysteresis loops, from platen impact and quasi-static compression tests, to estimate specific damping capacities for 3D printed photopolymer foams. This study found that the “stickyâ€ rubber like 3D printed photopolymers, based on a repeating pattern of Kelvin cells, were able to dissipate close to 100% of the input energy in platen impact tests and still return to their original dimensions after impact. In addition, this study shows that the specific damping capacity of the 3D printed foams increases significantly with strain rate.
Comparison Study on Simulation Effect of Improved Simulation Methods for Packaging Random Vibration Test
Gaussian vibration signal generated by the current shaking table according to power spectral density (PSD) in international standards was widely used for packaging random vibration test in laboratory. However, the actual road vehicle vibration is non-Gaussian. The key limitation is that the simulated Gaussian vibration cannot reconstruct the shock events buried in the vibration, which may result in inaccurate reliability evaluation of cushion packaging. A new simulation technique called shock extraction method has been proposed and demonstrated in our earlier study. This article is a further study of our previous research. The shock extraction method was compared with other three representative methods including the single level PSD, three way split spectral and wavelet decomposition in terms of simulation effect. The results revealed that the signal simulated by the shock extraction method was closest to the original signal, which possessed the same vibration intensity, duration, approximate statistical characteristics and PSD plots with the original signal. The simulation effect of the shock extraction method was the best, and the worst was the single level PSD. The wavelet decomposition and three way split spectral were somewhere in the middle.
Evaluation of Damage to Soft Fruits Due to Cumulative Fatigue Caused by Repetitive Shock: A Review
Soft fruits, such as strawberry, peach, and grape, are often damaged by repetitive shock rather than a single event of shock during transport. Vibration is one of the major sources of cumulative fatigue, and several studies have focused on the evaluation of cumulative damage on soft fruits due to vibration. Nevertheless, repetitive shock can also be a source of cumulative fatigue; in spite of this, only a few studies have been carried out on the damage to soft fruits. To evaluate cumulative fatigue accurately and to design protective measures, such as cushioning packaging for soft fruits, it is necessary to propose and validate a new theory considering actual transport conditions. First, this paper introduces past studies related to this topic. Then, some of our researches on constructing a novel theory for the evaluation of cumulative damage due to repetitive shock are revealed. In addition, this paper presents new examples of our proposed cushioning packaging system to reduce cumulative damage to soft fruits such as strawberries or grapes.
Reproduction of an Actual Transport Packaging Damage Based on Weighted Gaussians Decomposition
Goods transportation across the world is composed of a multitude of phases. These phases are mechanical stresses sources which can damage or destruct the product. To avoid these destructions, it is necessary to simulate the transport in laboratory. Regarding the vibrations, their simulations are performed using a vibration table. These tables are usually controlled from PSD and generate a gaussian acceleration levels signal. However, actual transportation generates ungaussian acceleration levels signal. These actual distributions of accelerations can be decomposed into many weighted gaussian distributions. These different gaussian distributions are associated to several PSD levels. By knowing the adapted Basquin coefficient and the adapted constant of a system made to measure the damage during the actual transport, it is possible to estimate the lifetime of a packaging system and its damage rate from a PSD. However, this damage estimation is adapted to a gaussian distribution usually generated on a vibration table. In this work, the damage calculation is applied to the defined PSDs obtained from a weighted gaussian levels distribution. The total damage generated on a packaging system by the different levels of PSDs are compared to the total damage of an actual transport.
Decomposition of the Acceleration Levels Distribution of a Road Transport into a Sum of Weighted Gaussians: Application to Vibration Tests
The usual method to simulate vertical vibrations generated by road transport in laboratory is to use the average power spectral density. With this method, the distribution of the acceleration levels throughout the test is a Gaussian which doesn’t conform to the reality of a transport. This study proposes an improvement of the classical method, this improvement permits to simulate the PSD and the distribution of acceleration levels by using a conventional device. The main idea of this method is to decompose the distribution of an actual road transport by using a sum of weighted Gaussians. Then we apply the power spectral density (PSD) with the root mean square acceleration (grms) level and duration corresponding to each Gaussian calculated from the weighted sum. We show that the weighting coefficients correspond to the time fraction of the test. Over the total duration of the test, we then retrieve the acceleration levels distribution of the actual transport. This new test method is experimentally validated with two examples of actual transports.
Observation of Stacked Corrugated Paper Boxes’ Motion Under Vibration Simulation
The unitized loads are the major form of the packed product transportation, and most of the cases the packages are fixed to the pallet with straps, stretch film or these combinations. During transport, various vibrations occur in the packaging-product system, which can damage the products. Many of studies focus on the nature of these vibrations, but the vibration varies between the layers of stacked packaging is not fully researched. This paper focuses on the different motion of the layers in the unitized loads in function of the fixing mode to the pallet. Therefore, multiple unitized loads were built from the same corrugated paper boxes in three layers with various fixing mode, to measure each layer motion during vibration. To carry out the simulation procedure, acceleration on each layer was recorded under sine and random vibration simulation. The recorded data shows, which layer motion is the most disparate from the excited motion, which fixing variant caused this difference.
A Technique to Quantify Damage of the Flute Profile in the Mid-Plane of Corrugated Fibreboard
This research presents a technique to quantify flute damage in corrugated fibreboard by conducting image analysis on digital image of flute profiles obtained from thinly laser cut samples. Sample preparation by laser cutting was validated to ensure no additional damage on the flute occurred, by analysing the surface profile of creased corrugated board before and after the laser cutting process. The analysis proves sample preparation does not significantly affect the flute profile. After imaging the laser cut samples, Skeleton analysis was used to derive an accurate digitized profile of the flute shape. To characterise the level of damage on the flute profile, a Similarity Factor (SF) was introduced to quantify the difference between test-sample flute profiles relative to a reference flute profile. Validation of this analysis technique was done by generating known images of flute profile with variations that include distortions that could occur to corrugated fibreboard. These images were then fed into the Skeleton analysis and the results, were compared with the original profile. This comparison shows good accuracy with SF of at least 0.9986 between the initial and skeleton-analysed flutes. A demonstration of the Skeleton analysis on an actual flute profile shows that the SF reduces as the crushing damage increases, showing it could be a useful technique to enumerate damage to corrugated board through manufacture, conversion and use. Future work will focus on how to match the SF with the board properties.
Numerical Analysis on Cushioning Performance of Wooden Transport Packaging System Based on DTM
For heavy and expensive electro-mechanical products, wooden package is still widely used in the most important transportation and distribution packaging. In wooden transport packaging system, the wooden structure and cushioning pads have different functions on the cushioning performance of the system. The cushioning properties of EPE or EPS cushions are usually fully considered, the buffer performance of wood base structure is often ignored. In this work，considering the overall performance of wooden base structure and cushioning material, the EPE (Expandable Polyethylene) liner is designed based on the classic cushioning packaging theory. Then the simulated drop analysis was carried out on the wooded structure, EPE buffer liner and the composite structure using the DTM (Drop Test Module) module of ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The results showed that the cushioning capacity of wood materials was poor, but the cushioning properties of wood based materials were improved. The EPE liner plays a major role in cushioning performance of the wooden transport packaging system. The combination of wooden base and EPE liner exhibites better cushioning performance. The research results can guide the reduction design of the wooden transportation packaging system.
In-plane Dynamic Cushioning Mechanics of Circular Honeycomb Cores
In this paper, the dynamic cushioning mechanics of circular honeycomb cores is investigated based on the basis of finite element simulations. The current mechanical theories about the properties of honeycomb cores are summarized. The reliable finite element model of circular honeycomb cores is established by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA under the in-plane impact loadings. The in-plane deformation modes, the dynamic plateau stress and energy absorption of regularly-arranged and staggered-arranged circular honeycombs at different impact velocities are analyzed and compared. Different deformation modes appear at different impact velocities. The empirical formulas of mode transition velocity about configuration parameters are given. According to the finite element calculated results, the dynamic plateau stresses of circular honeycomb cores are derived in terms of configuration parameters and impact velocity. Compared with the staggered-arranged ones, regularly-arranged circular honeycombs have better energy absorption.
Preliminary Study on Numerical Simulation of Multi-layer Stacking Packages
Distribution packages are commonly stacked as unit loads, and vibration is the main hazard that causes product damage in the logistics stage. This study aims to propose a simulation method that considers the vibration of multi-layer stacking distribution packages. Firstly, a dynamical model of a single-layer package was studied to clarify vibration mechanism. Secondly, a simulation model is built to clarify the vibration of a single-layer package. Thirdly, a multi-layer vibration model is proposed based on the single-layer model, and the calculation method of simulation parameters is researched by using a mathematical model. Verification experiments are also performed with two self-designed typical boxes. Furthermore, we investigate a correction method for the simulation errors and analyze the relationship between the spring constant of a multi-layer and that of a single layer and the stacking layer number. Finally, two types of equations are thus proposed for the multi-layer stacking model of distribution packages.
Evaluation of Stability of Unit Loads for Tilt and Shock Events During Distribution
This study was undertaken to address the current need for establishing test methodologies towards observing a unit load’s overall stability during transportation and handling related activities commonly experienced in the distribution environment. With this goal, this study developed two test methods as well as apparatus/measuring tool to observe a palletized load’s overall stability. The test methods developed included a “tilt testâ€ which was designed to replicate the gravitational forces exerted on the unit load and an “incline impact testâ€ designed to replicate the effect of short duration shocks experienced by unit loads. The data collected from these tests should contribute to potential revisions for International Safe Transit Association’s (ISTA) Procedures 3B and 3E testing requirements.
Ecommerce Retail: Challenges and Opportunities for CPG Related Distribution Packaging
There are many evolving challenges and opportunities for Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) related distribution packaging as the global retailing industry rapidly shifts its emphasis from the traditional brick-and-mortar strategy to ecommerce and omni-channel (cross-channel business model) retailing. Ecommerce and omni-channel related retail poses the unique challenges of CPGs arriving in bulk and then undergoing inventorying, picking and shipping typically as individual products towards customers’ order fulfilment. As business strategies continue to evolve and take advantage of how technology is shaping consumer trends, former traditional aspects of the classic supply chain are starting to take on new roles and responsibilities. The role of distribution packaging is paramount in the new ecommerce and omni-channel strategies. As businesses make the shift in retailing strategies, it is apparent that the demands on distribution packaging become critical towards delivering the goods in a desired form to the end customer - it needs to meet the functional requirements of containment, protection, utility and communication. Consumers expect their products to be delivered on time and free of any damage, so the packages need to optimally contain and protect the products. Consumers expect companies to minimize their carbon footprint and use sustainable packaging materials that can be recycled. Finally, packaging must communicate a tremendous amount of information through the distribution channels in terms of product information, location through the supply chains, and eventually, marketing and product information to the customer. This paper (1) compares traditional, ecommerce and omni-channel logistics strategies; (2) discusses evolving omni-channel retailing strategies; (3) confers the challenges faced by distribution packaging specifically in ecommerce logistics; (4) highlights the implications of evolving disruptive ecommerce business strategies on distribution packaging; (5) identifies the opportunities to increase value through strategic distribution packaging; and (6) summarizes the evolving pre-shipment distribution packaging test standards.
The Influence of Stretch Wrap Containment Force on Load Bridging in Unit Loads
The term ‘load bridging’ describes a phenomenon in which the physical interaction between various packaging components acts as a series of discrete loads in a given unit load and adds stiffness to the shipping pallet/load combination. Current pallet design practices often ignore the aspect of load bridging and assume that the pallet payload is flexible and uniformly distributed over the pallet surface. This can influence the load-carrying capacity of the pallet. The study reported in this paper investigated the relationship between the stretch-wrap containment force and load bridging in unit loads and the resulting unit-load deflection. The experimental results of this study indicate that an increase in the stretch wrap containment force can improve the unit-load deflection by as much as 81%. The influence of the stretch wrap containment force on pallet deflection is be greatest for small packages and pallets with low stiffness. These experimental results provide useful information for realizing more efficient and sustainable unit-load designs.
Investigation of Pallet Stacking Pattern on Unit Load Bridging
Considering the effect of packages during pallet design will reduce costs and improve the sustainability of the supply chain. Currently, many mechanical interactions between the pallet and the package product are not being considered during the pallet design process. This study investigates the effect of the magnitude and type of interlocking between layers of packaged products. The bending of the pallet supporting a unit load of corrugated boxes was measured under four common support conditions, warehouse rack storage spanning the pallet width and length, fork tine support across the pallet width, and floor stacking. Five different pallet stacking patterns were analyzed from column stacking to fully interlocked stacking. It was determined that interlocking packages reduces pallet deflection up to 53%. This is more significant for lower stiffness pallets and when the payload carried by the pallet is greater than the rated load capacity of the pallet. Increasing the magnitude of the interlocking reduces the deflection of the pallet by 11.6%. These results provide a guideline on improving pallet design and help further the understanding of the interaction between pallets and the orientation of packaged products placed on the pallet.
Stopping Process Effects over Stability Tests Results
The stability test is a useful tool for packaging evaluation. This kind of tests are used for packaging design, studies and checking. The European Union has been introducing the Eumos 40509 standard for stability testing as a reference for packaging transport stability validation inside the European transport directive 2014/47/EU[1]. After stability testing, the sample keeps moving, thus the question is if the results could be affected for the stopping process. As stopping is a sort of acceleration and this becomes a force, a stopping method can modify the testing results after testing. The objective is to demonstrate if the results of the stability tests are modified by using different stopping accelerations applied after testing. The experiment setup uses several palletized loads, with the same loading configuration, which are tested according Eumos 40509 standard at the same tests profile. During the experiment loads are equally tested but stopped with different stopping acceleration. In order to compare the results, lost of shape is measured and compared between the stopping methods. The experiment demonstrates that stopping methods can modify the acceleration test results and shows a new parameter to consider, the time gap between testing and stopping can modify the test results too.
Senior Friendly New Design Blister Package with the Function of Fall Prevention
The blister package with hard paper mount is most popular type package for osteoporosis drugs in Japan. The space of paper mount is useful for showing instruction and information, however since main user are the elderly, they are often fall pills, or difficulty of opening. To evaluate usability of new design blister package with function of fall prevention and easy handling, we have done subjective and objective study. And compare with popular type blister packages and new ones. Both subjective data of the package and sensory test has been done. Subjects of sensory test include ordinary elderly and patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). We also measured pinch power of all subjects. Comparison of several items including opening status, prevention of pill dropping and understanding instruction between ordinary type (A) and new design type (B) packages, there is no significant difference of evaluation between A and B with NRS (Numerical Rating Scale). However, the score of B is same or better than A in every item. Evaluation by examiner, all subjects take out pill successfully using type B without dropping, including RA group. From over all evaluation, the new type blister package has possibility to use among any elderly users as universal packages.
Investigation of Innovative Dot Code with Press through Package (PTP) for Visually Impaired Patients
In Japan, the visually impaired including total blindness and amblyopia is approximately 310,000 people statistically, and only 12.7% of them can read Braille. It means that most of blind people relay on sound information, however, there are only a few reports on the actual condition of taking medications for visually impaired patients. In the area of medicine, more than 50% of drugs are providing with Press Through Package (PTP) in Japan, there is no rule for appropriate information against blind people. Some pharmacy use touch sealed or sound barcode as a service for blind patients, it is extremely uncommon. Since PTP is most common package, some idea of sound information for visually impaired patients is necessary. Innovative Dot PTP, visually impaired patients are able to hear sound information using infrared ray radiation scanner pen, with which they just touch the PTP. After giving instruction of Dot PTP for subjects, we study usefulness and usability of innovative Dot code with PTP both interview and objective information. Simultaneously, we did interview to collects information of difficulty. We interviewed visually impaired patients about taking medications. Using Dot PTP, instruction and sensory evaluation item are explained for subjects who has visually impairment. After using Dot PTP, subjects evaluated several items with NRS. The results of interview and NRS are studied. Many visually impaired patients answered "Sometimes, I can't find which medicine to take." An instruction of Dot PTP is evaluated understandable for most of visually impaired patients. Sound information are able to give appropriate information of drug taking for blind subjects. Dot PTP is able to produce in current productive procedure with miner change of machine and systems. Considering aging the society, cost-effective service tool like Dot PTP could contribute universal design in the society.
Toward Patient-centered Packaging Design: An Industry Perspective on Processes, Functions, and Constraints
Medication packaging is essential to provide patients with guidance and correct use of their medicines for effective treatment. This research aims to increase knowledge about the medication packaging innovation process and its uptake toward patient-centered packaging design. The study applied a qualitative research approach based on data from twenty-five in-depth interviews with stakeholders involved in medication packaging design. The empirical data analysis revealed four themes to examine that can improve and advance user-centered packaging design: medication packaging innovation process, medication packaging functions and features, medication packaging design constraints, and patient-centered medication packaging design. The findings suggest that medication packaging design is strongly affected by an emphasis on protective and safety packaging functions rather than on patients’ needs. Packaging innovation usually is constrained by rigid incremental development processes, where compliance with regulations, extensive documentation, avoidance of manufacturing complexity, and considerations on cost prevail. These findings are discussed in relation to the three most evident trade-offs for patient-centered design: protection versus openability, utility versus cost, complexity of manufacturability versus complexity of use. This research contributes with valuable input and additional evidence about the necessary shift to a user-centered approach in a field that has not been design driven. This input complements previous research and provides an opportunity for industry decision makers and policy makers to lead patient-centered packaging development that can benefit patients and relieve overloaded health care systems.
Communicating Packaging Functionality for Food Waste Reduction Influences Consumer Choices
Packaging and packaging technology have a great potential in increasing shelf life and reducing food waste, especially at the level of consumer households. In recent years, more and more fresh fruits and vegetables in Norwegian supermarkets have been packed in plastic to increase shelf life, and smaller packaging units have been proposed for example on cold cuts. However, little is known about how such optimized packaging affects consumer choices, especially as at the same time, focus on the negative environmental impacts of plastic has increased in the society. The purpose of the study was (i) to investigate consumers’ attitudes to food packaging and (ii) to investigate the influence of providing information about packaging functionality on consumer choices. Firstly, focus group discussions were conducted with members of a food-waste reduction Facebook group (n=7) and with random consumers (n=5). Participants discussed food packagings one liked or disliked, in particular with regard to food waste. Participants illustrated their arguments with photos taken at home. Secondly, a choice-based consumer study (n=190) was conducted on packaging of fruit/vegetables, sushi and salami. For half of the participants, the optimized packaged product alternatives were labelled with explanatory information, e.g. “Packaged for longer shelf lifeâ€ on fresh vegetables. Choice of packaging was analyzed in light of socio-demographic parameters, attitudes to food waste and purchase habits. Focus group discussions indicated a negative attitude to plastic packaging on fruits and vegetables, especially in the group most sensitive to food-waste and environmental issues. The web experiment indicated that consumer choices for optimized packaging depend on age, gender, purchase frequency and product type. In general, informing about packaging functionality significantly influenced consumer choices towards optimized packaging. This study highlights the importance of communicating packaging functionality with regards to shelf-life extension and food waste reduction to the consumer, in particular to environmentalists.
Integrating Key Figures and Consumer Benefits into a Packaging Development Method
Key figures in packaging can be used to obtain and document various insights about packaging. Previous research showed that a weight/content ratio can give insights in the used amounts of packaging material related to the amount of contained product. Other research showed that higher performing packaging are often expected to create benefits appreciated by the end users, resulting in higher value and willingness-to-pay. The aim of this study is to integrate these two methods and to develop a design approach to get insight in how much packaging material is applied to gain a specific consumer benefit. The paper integrates the link between key figures and consumer benefits into a design method that provides designers an opportunity to gain insights in the key figures of their final design early in the development process. The design method is developed by adapting existing product development tools to give insight in the link between consumer benefits and key figures. These tools are combined to form method guidelines for innovation-, new product development- and routine projects. For a case to detail the approach, tomato packaging was used. The current market situation for these products in the Netherlands is used as fundament for the key figure results and database. Guidelines are provided by a key figure database and by adjusting development tools so that the design method can also be used for other products than tomato packaging, or other markets than the Netherlands and Finland. Based on the developed design method, it can be concluded that the integration of key figures and consumer benefits gives designers insight in key figures early in the development process, but also provides an overview of where in the process decisions were made with large impact on the final design. This insight early in the process is useful as starting point towards efficient material use in packaging designs that at the same time provide benefits for consumers.
Packaging Value by Generation—Results of a Finnish Study
In the current era of digitalisation, packages are becoming an important printed medium for companies. As consumer brands are increasingly interested in integrating responsibility into their core strategies and product development, packages are often exploited to communicate these values to the end customers. Most of the western countries are greying faster than ever, setting high requirements for packaging functionality. Meantime, the future consumers, e.g. the Millennials, are presumed to have higher expectations for packaging both in terms of responsibility as well as overall user experience. The aim of this study was to explore generational differences in value experienced from packaging. The survey data (n=1934) was collected in 2011 in Finland. Six generations, i.e. Post-War, Baby Boomers I and II, Generation X, Xennials, and Millennials, were researched along the value dimensions of packaging performance, experience, status value, and responsibility. The results showed that the older generations showed higher value for packaging performance, i.e. convenience and product information, while the younger generations appreciated the experiential value created by packaging. Both the older and younger generations perceived high value in ethical and pro-environmental packaging. The younger generations perceived pro-environmental packaging as being manufactured from renewable resources and easy to recycle, while the older generations appreciated biodegradability, energy recoverable materials, packages decreasing product waste, and folding materials taking up as little space in the waste bin as possible. If the generational preferences are perceived as stable, the future of packaging design is likely to be driven by sustainable and easily recyclable materials creating experiential value for the end-users.
The Influence of Packaging Design Features on Consumers’ Purchasing & Recycling Behaviour
This paper describes an empirical study to determine the influence of specific design elements of sustainable packaging on consumer behaviour during purchase and recycling. Existing studies show that the visual appearance of packaging design influences the behaviour of consumers. The results of this study show that decisions made by consumers regarding the packaging are mostly based on graphics and to a lesser extent on information and form. Furthermore, a sustainable form and information regarding sustainability also have the highest utility, which indicates that these cues are able to trigger a higher buying intention. According the results on recycling behaviour, it is unclear if recycling logos and a stimulating text have an impact on recycling intention of consumers.
The Universal Packaging Design on Foreigner Perception in the Case Study of Thai Souvenir
This research aims to study in universal communication design of packaging perception in case study of foreigner perception in souvenir. The experiments were initiated from five Thai food products and nine Japanese focus groups. The experiment process consists of three steps 1) Observe the product samples and record of product description 2) Discuss in group 3) Redesign for universal Packaging Design. As a result, we clarified "the eight elements of package design" 1) Numbers, 2) Letters, 3) Illustration and Picture, 4) Symbol, 5) Ornament, 6) Material, 7) Shape, 8) Color. They are clues when customers understand the contents or features of products or judge their values regardless of language and culture differences.
Application of Augmented Reality in Product Package with Two-dimensional Code
Users understand a product usually need to open its packaging, control product manuals to understand the function and usage of the product. However, through the use of Augmented Reality (AR) technology and some computer 3D modelling techniques into Quick Response Code (QR Code) on product packaging, a virtual product model can be constructed by scanning a QR Code with a mobile phone without disassembling the package Can understand the appearance, function and use of the product. This article aims to study the market value of the technology and its technical means. Meanwhile, discussing its advantages in packing.
An Anti-counterfeiting Method of Pharmaceutical Packaging Based on Encrypted Quick Response Code
Drug safety has always been valued by consumers, and pharmaceutical packaging itself to has the anti-counterfeiting function is vital. As a high-volume two-dimensional code, Quick Response (QR) codes are widely used in mobile Internet. The anti-counterfeiting method of pharmaceutical packaging based on the encrypted QR code is proposed. First, the QR code is used to store the drug information as the information carrier; Then, it is encrypted as a security carrier; Finally, the authentication of the anti-counterfeit carrier on the server can have the anti-counterfeiting effect. Compared with traditional pharmaceutical packaging anti-counterfeiting method, this proposed method has lower cost and better interaction.
Literature Review on the Role of Packaging in Marketing
Modern people's requirements for packaging are more stringent, not only the practical requirements, but also the pursuit of a good visual experience. In particular, the design of colors and patterns often give consumers unique attractive appearance. Under the background, this article summarizes the influence of the packaging in the marketing process in recent ten years, and points out the influence of packaging size, shape, color, pattern design and text ordering on the purchasing behavior of consumers, Pointed out the future direction of the development of the packaging industry, laid the foundation for further research.
Research on Brand Packaging Design of Chinese Women’s Cosmetics
With the pace of reform and opening up, people's living standards have been greatly improved. People are no longer simply seeking to meet the material needs of living, but more to the spiritual level. Women's cosmetics as fashionable consumer goods require high-quality packaging materials and personalized high-end packaging designs to make them look more upscale to increase their value while attracting consumers to purchase. Cosmetics are not only material consumption, but also reflect people's spiritual consumption. Monotonous packaging can no longer satisfy people's aesthetic requirements. The texture, aesthetics, non-toxicity and safety of packaging are increasingly important. At present, the cosmetics packaging materials used in the market are mainly concentrated in three kinds of materials: glass, plastic and metal. With the gradual application of packaging technology and digitalization, the future development trend of cosmetics packaging is mainly reflected in the pursuit of high-end, novelty, convenience, and environmental protection. At present, with the development of internationalization, the domestic cosmetics market is almost monopolized by international brands, such as French high-end brands such as Lancome and Japan skII, while Chinese domestic brands are mostly mid lower end products. The price is low and the profit margin is small. Domestic enterprises lack innovation and not pay attention to integration with their own long-standing national style, and blindly imitate international big-name packaging designs, resulting in products that lack national charm and cannot reach higher levels. On this basis, this article discusses the current shortage of women's cosmetics packaging in China and can be improved.
Cross-boundary Vehicle Car Door Modeling Analysis and Simulation Verification Based on Comfort
With rapid development of automotive industry, people pay more attention to automotive performance of noise, vibration and harshness(NVH). As a significant part of NVH performance, door-slamming sound quality directly affect the purchasing desire of customer. We found problem of NVH performance of door-slamming sound quality, and proposed a new method of reducing the low frequency sound pressure level in order to improve NVH performance while closing the door. In this article, we utilized modal frequency response method and indirect boundary element method to obtain the sound pressure level radiated by main plates of the door. Based on the target of sound pressure level, we built the door main plate thickness mathematical model through hypercube sampling and multiple nonlinear regression method, we also obtained the optimal thickness of the door main plates by genetic algorithm. After comparative analysis, low frequency sound pressure level of modified door has decreased no less than 10 db(A), besides, the modified door has lower loudness and sharpness than original door. So, it can be concluded that NVH performance of optimized door has been improved well. This paper provides reference for research of the high quality passenger car door.
Analysis of the Effect of Correlated Color Temperature of LED Light Source about the Natural Degree of Vegetables
The effect of light source correlated color temperature on the natural degree of vegetables was studied. Through visual psychological physics experiments, the observers were evaluated for the natural degree of five vegetables under different correlated color temperature LED light sources and D65 light source lighting conditions, combined with the traditional color rendering index CRI, correlated color temperature, color rendering index and five kinds of Vegetables: green peppers, cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants, and carrots were correlated to their natural degree. The study found that the correlated color temperature of LED light sources was significantly positively correlated with the natural degree of each vegetable. Traditional light source evaluation index General color rendering index (Ra) is not significantly correlated with the color temperature and the natural degree of vegetables. Among the four correlated color temperature levels used in the experiment, the natural degree of green pepper at the 5950K correlated color temperature level is the highest. At the same time, it was found that a higher color temperature has a favorable effect on the color rendering of the light source when the CRI of the LED light source is not too high.
Research on the Competitiveness of Packaging Cultural and Creative Industry from the Regional Perspective
with the in-depth development of knowledge economy, the competition in the industry level becomes more and more intense. As an advanced and emerging service industry, packaging cultural and creative industry can effectively promote the growth of related industries. It has become the new impetus for the sustained growth of the regional economy and has become one of the most important engine to enhance the overall competitiveness of the region, especially for cities. People can make a core competitive cluster of packaging cultural and creative industry from the following steps: promoting the coordinated development of cultural and creative industry with traditional industries, improving the industrial chain and promoting the industrial chain to high-end development, Optimizing the industrial development environment, Expanding the investment and financing channels, accelerating the development of park agglomeration, accelerating the development of public service platform, building talents highland, strengthening the institutional innovation, and so on.
Research on the Packaging of Male Skin Cleaning Products Based on Eye-movement Experiment
The needs for male cosmetics are increasing year by year, which cased higher demands for packaging. Objective: This paper aims to research satisfaction of Packaging about male skin cleaning products, and improve design scheme for new packaging design, which were based on the data of Tobii T-120 eye-movement experiment. Methods: 1. Using eye-movement instrument to do research on group A(male, aged 30-35) and group B(male, aged 20-30), from which eye movement data of clusters, heat maps and gaze plots were obtained. 2. Questionnaire for all members of group A and group B. Results: The preference of male consumers aged 30 to 35 for packaging of skin cleaning products are: high grade; strong brand sense; concise text; color of black, gray, brown; smooth modeling; simple structure. Male consumers aged 20 to 30: fashionable, fresh and energetic style, simple pattern, concise text, color of blue, green, gray, or white series, changeable modeling, simple structure.
Influence of Hardcopy Types on Extraction Quality of Holographic Watermark
In this paper, firstly the high-frequency coefficient of Fourier hologram watermark was embedded into the middle-frequency of the host image subject to wavelet transform for twice. Then four common hardcopy types (inkjet, laser, offset printing and digital printing) were used to output watermarked images. Finally the watermark extraction quality of the hardcopy images was evaluated from paper surface quality, color space conversions of images and output resolution by using NC parameters. Experiment results showed that the watermark extraction qualities between digital image, presswork and printing are very different, and the rank is: inkjet printing>offset printing>digital printing and laser printing. The printed substrate paper with higher whiteness and gloss is beneficial to watermark extraction. The color space conversions of watermarked image in input and output process affected color distribution and image reproduction quality of original image, then the watermark extraction quality was influenced. The hardcopy resolution has little effect on watermark extraction quality on the premise of satisfying the image reproduction quality. Therefore, actual hardcopy type should be used instead of simulated attacks or desktop printing when studying the anti-print/scan robustness of watermarking algorithm. The substrate paper with high surface quality facilitate the improvement of watermark extraction quality. And the resolution is appropriate as long as the output reproduction quality is satisfied when verifying the anti-print/scan robustness of watermark scheme.
Color Matching Method of Three Wavelengths Based on Density Measurement
In printing industry, densitometer is used as dedicated color measurement instrument. For densitometer to replace spectrophotometer as the professional instrument to spot-color matching, the Color Matching Method of Three Wavelengths is proposed by improving E. Allen model in this paper. 3 wavelengths that match the spectrum property of the color densitometer are used to instead of the original 16 wavelengths, as the parameter to match the tristimulus values. Color matching experiments results show that this method provide an effective color matching. This method not only simplifies the calculation, but also makes it feasible to use densitometer to measure and match color, and use computation in spot-color printing.
A Color Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Sparse Representation
This study presents a novel method to embed and extract watermarks for an image via on sparse representation. First, the decomposition coefficient matrix is obtained by the sparse decomposition of the color carrier image based on the minimum gray value. Then, a watermark will be embedded into the coefficient matrix to generate a color image with the sparse reconstruction. Finally, the watermark can be extracted by the sparse decomposition of the image green and blue channels. The experimental results from our simulation show that the proposed watermark embedding schema is robust to multiplicative noise attacks and Wiener filtering attack, the embedded watermark can meet the requirement of watermark invisibility and the extracted watermark information could be correctly identified.
The Study of the Quality Test and Control Technology of the Digital Printing
Digital printing is affecting all sectors of the world in terms of on-demand, personalized and remote services. But at present, there is still existing the disadvantages that some printing enterprises in our country, which detect the digital printing products by using the method, which is used to detect the traditional products. This paper carries out the research about the quality detection and controlling technology, which aims at the specific issues and some links of the whole process of printing and based on the characteristics of the whole digital printing process. The paper, which is surrounding on the main research goal, from the data of quality inspection and control for before printing, printing materials quality inspection and control, digital printing quality inspection and control, and environmental control and so on four aspects specific analysis, put forward a series of corresponding technology of quality detection and control, which has a positive effect on enhancing and improving the quality of the digital printing.
Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Bio-based Antimicrobial Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging Applications
Two current consumer demands will shape the future of food packaging: the demand on minimally processed and preservative-free foods, and the demand on environmental friendly packaging materials. In order to produce preservative-free foods but maintain same food safety, an alternate method is to incorporate antimicrobial agents (AM) into packaging materials, called antimicrobial food packaging. On the other hand, biodegradable polymers from renewable resources can to some extent reduce food packaging waste. To response these demands, bio-based antimicrobial films were developed in the present study. In particular, two antimicrobial agents, sodium benzoate (Bz) and natamycin (Nat), were incorporated into starch to form starch-based films. Furthermore, two incorporation methods were studied, one was directly incorporating antimicrobial agents into starch matrix, and the other was incorporating antimicrobial-nanoparticle systems into starch matrix. In the latter method, AM were first loaded onto nanoparticles, layered double hydroxide (LDH), called LDH-Bz and LDH-Nat, and then incorporated into starch. Five starch-based films were prepared: starch without AM as control, starch with sodium benzoate, starch with natamycin, starch with LDH-Bz, and starch with LDH-Nat. Mechanical and barrier properties of the films were studied. The results showed that addition of antimicrobial agents has significant effect on elongation at break but no significant effect on tensile strength. The elongation increased from 6.75% for control film to 17.69% for film with 2% of LDH-Bz. Three permeabilities (water, oxygen, and CO2) were significantly decreased while AM incorporated. However, the different incorporation methods did not show effect on neither mechanical nor barrier properties.
Use of Monte Carlo Simulation in Yogurt Logistic Management System for Quality Prediction
Yogurt is a fermented milk product with high temperature sensitivity. During the distribution, the temperature histories vary among yogurt products, and can resulted in the different quality conditions. Thus the yogurt quality cannot be expressed using only fixed shelf life. The time-temperature integrator (TTI) is used as the monitoring method of the time-temperature history of individual yogurt product, to obtain the precise quality prediction. The prediction is conducted by combining the kinetic and Arrhenius equation. Monte Carlo simulation is accepted to cover the intrinsic weakness of the data through the mathematical calculation. As a result, the yogurt quality distribution predicted by TTI using Monte Carlo simulation is Pareto (122.52, 91.69), while the measured yogurt quality distribution is Pareto (122.52, 91). It is found that the values predicted by TTI can represent the reality best compared with other time-temperature recording methods, and is able to be used to monitor the temperature of yogurt products individually in the cold chain system.
Prediction of Two Isothiazolinone Biocides Migrating from Coated Paper into Liquid Food Simulants and Assessment of Human Exposure
A simple method to detect the initial concentration of two isothiazolinone biocides (5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMI) and 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MI)) in 17 kinds of coated paper food packaging samples by ultrasonic assistant extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was established. MI and CMI were detected in 5 samples with the concentrations ranging from 397.6 to 1789μg/kg. Paper is a heterogeneous material and these two biocides are polar substances which means there is an affinity between two biocides and cellulose, so the mathematical model can be used to simulate the migration process. Considering their relatively low initial content in coated paper, AKTS-SML software was used to simulate the migration of CMI and MI from paper through polyethylene coating into food simulants. Piringer model was used to predict the diffusion of CMI and MI in paper and polyethylene, both partition coefficient between paper and polyethylene and between polyethylene and food simulants were set to 1. The Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake (CEDI) of MI or CMI migrated from coated paper were below 0.084mg/60kg/day and 0.1023 mg/60kg/day, indicating a negligible exposure risk.
Migration of Irgafos 168 and its Degradation Products from Nanocopper/Polypropylene Composite Films and its Prediction by AKTS-SML Software
Three polypropylene composite films, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R) composite film, polypropylene blockcopolymer (PP-B) composite film, polypropylene homopolymer (PP-H) composite film, were prepared by extruding three types of PP matrix with Irgafos 168 and nanocopper. Three films were treated by UV irradiation and sunlight exposure to different time to evaluate the degradation behaviors of 168 and the generation of its two degradation products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DP1) and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (DP2). For migration study, the films were treated by 30 min UV irradiation and 100 days sunlight exposure respectively and then tested in food simulant (isooctane) at 20, 40 and 70℃ to explore the migration behaviors of Irgafos 168, DP1 and DP2 using GC-MS. AKTS-SML software which was used to predict the migration of organic additives from plastic films was also adopted to simulate the migration of Irgafos 168 and its degradation products from PP composite films and the comparison of experimental value and analog value were discussed. After UV irradiation and long time sunlight exposure, faster degradation of Irgafos 168 and generation of DP2 in PP-R composite films were found. For migration study, the migration of Irgafos 168, DP1 and DP2 in three different PP structural films were still in the order of PP-R > PP-B > PP-H which means the addition of nanocopper has no effect on the migration order in three different PP structural films. The simulated migration of Irgafos 168 was higher than the experimental results; the results of DP1 experiment after UV treatment were significantly higher than that of the simulation results, however the DP1 experimental results were similar to the simulation results of the sunlight migration test; the DP2 experimental results of each test were similar to the simulation results.
Effect of Compound Fresh-Keeping Liquid on Fresh Corn Preservation
Fresh-keeping and preservation flavor of fresh food corn was studied by using the household flavoring agent (sucrose, salt, white vinegar) by using the household flavoring agent (sucrose, salt, white vinegar). [Methods] Using L9(33) orthogonal test to configure a certain concentration of sucrose, salt, vinegar composite impregnating solution, and packaging with polyethylene film,the effect of pretreatment liquid with different concentration ratio on water content, weight loss rate, sensory quality, soluble sugar content and total colony number of fresh food corn in storage period were tested.[Results] Sugar, salt, vinegar has good effect on fresh-keeping and preservation flavor, the single factor test showed that when the fresh corn was soaked in sugar, salt and vinegar(the mass concentrations were 1,10,10g / L, respectively) for 10 min,sensory score was the highest , the mitigation of water content and the inhibition of microbial growth rate are most obvious.The results of orthogonal test showed that the best effect of fresh-keeping and preservation flavor was obtained ,after soaking in mixed liquid of 2,9 and 13 g/L with sugar, salt and white vinegar respectively for 10 min. [Conclusion] After a specific concentration of sucrose, salt, white vinegar solution can effectively inhibit the deterioration of the quality of fresh food corn,play the role of preservation and prolong the storage period.
Evaluating Food Packaging Based on OWA Operators and Distance Measures under Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Environment
The quality and safety of food packaging is a primary concern for all consumers, businesses, and governments, and evaluations on food packaging become more and more important. As an extension of linguistic term set and hesitant fuzzy set, hesitant fuzzy linguistic set (HFLS) can be used to describe food packaging evaluation information conveniently. In this paper, a new hesitant fuzzy linguistic multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach for evaluating food packaging is proposed. After reviewing the existing studies of HFLSs, a new order relationship and distance measures between hesitant fuzzy linguistic numbers (HFLNs) are introduced and some linguistic scale functions are utilized. Then, the hesitant fuzzy linguistic hybrid ordered weighted averaging generalized distance (HFLHOWAGD) operator was proposed, and the prominent properties of which were studied. Based on the HFLHOWAGD operator, an approach to MCDM with hesitant fuzzy linguistic information is proposed. Finally, an example is provided to show the feasibility and usability of the method and comparison analyses are made with the existing methods.
Effect of Ozone on Prolonging the Shelf Life of Mango and Broccoli During Cold Storage and Distribution
A number of ozone technology systems have been claimed to remove the ethylene gas released from horticultural produce and airborne pathogens in storage environment. However, contradictory results were reported in the literature. This study was aimed to determine the effect of ozone technology system in removing the ethylene gas in the storage atmosphere for extending shelf life of mango and broccoli. The experiment was carried out in two similar cold rooms (10.68 m3) with and without (control) the ozone technology system. The experiments were conducted separately for mango and broccoli, which are a medium producing and sensitive and a very low producing but high sensitive to ethylene commodities, respectively. Mixed loads of fruits and vegetables were also tested representing the common practice during storage and distribution. Regular slotted containers and reusable plastic containers were compared. Ethylene gases (15 ppm) were introduced in the cold rooms. Samples were kept at their optimum temperatures. Changes in respiration and ethylene production rates, total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), firmness, L*, a*, b* color and weight loss were determined during storage. In mango, TSS/TA in the control group showed a slight increase after 7 days. In broccoli, yellowing after 7 days was apparent to the samples stored in both cold rooms (with or without ozone). No significant (p > 0.05) differences in weight loss, respiration rate and ethylene production rate were observed for both mango and broccoli. Similar trends were shown for mixed loads. Corrugated and reusable containers showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences in terms of produce quality. In our cases, ozone technology system did not seem to effectively eliminate the ethylene in a cold room nor prolong the shelf life of mango, broccoli and mixed loads.
Thymol Fumigation in Combination with Modified Atmosphere Packaging as an Alternative to SO2 Treatment on the Decay Prevention and Pericarp Browning of Longan Fruit
Microbial decay and pericarp browning are the major concerns that limit the postharvest life of longan fruit. The most effective and inexpensive way to prevent these limitations is SO2 fumigation, however, due to its safety and regulatory issues other alternatives should be tested. Thymol is a natural antimicrobial compound reportedly being effective against a wide range of microorganisms. However, due to its highly volatile and peculiar taste in food, there is a need to develop a technique that effectively releases the vapors without affecting its sensory quality. In this study a device was designed for the controlled release of thymol and then evaluated for its ability to prevent the decay and pericarp browning of longan. Thymol vapors were obtained from the slurry prepared from 5 g of thymol with 5 mL of distilled water in 180 mL glass jar. Jar was hermetically sealed and allowed for 24 h to accumulate the required amount of vapors in the headspace. Thymol fumigated fruit were packaged with a specific high gas permeable film that creates the desired modified atmospheres (MAs) were compared with non-fumigated fruit packaged in similar packaging and stored in air at 27 °C. In-package gas composition, decay incidence (DI) and pericarp browning (BI) were evaluated during storage. Equilibrium MAs of reduced O2 and elevated CO2 were established in all packages. Thymol significantly (P 0.05) prevented DI and BI and resulted in the longer shelf life of 8 d as compared to non-fumigated fruit in packaging (6 d). The combined effects of thymol fumigation and modified atmosphere packaging can be used as alternative to SO2 treatment which may also be applied to other fruits. Combination with low temperature storage will enhance the effectiveness of thymol for long-term storage.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nano-ZnO Cluster’ Diffusion in Polyethylene
This work is intended to simulate and analyze the diffusion process and the diffusion mechanism of nano-ZnO cluster in low density polyethylene (LDPE) using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method. MD simulations were carried out at three different temperatures (293 K, 313 K and 343 K) in two models including single cell of ZnO-LDPE chain (ZL cell) and two-phase of ZnO-LDPE/water molecular (ZL-W cell). The diffusion coefficient of nano-ZnO (DM) is obtained by calculating the slope of mean square displacement according to the Einstein relationship. DM of ZL cell and ZL-W cell were 0.17×10-8~3.5×10-8 cm2 s-1 and 6.33×10-8~2.38×10-6 cm2 s-1 respectively. This result implied that DM could be increased by the presence of water molecular phase. Moreover, the fractional free volume (FFV) and the movement trajectories of ZnO cluster were discussed. It demonstrated that the FFV was enlarged with the temperatures and the oscillation of nano-ZnO cluster was wider in ZL-W cell than ZL cell. The relationship between DM and temperature satisfied the Arrhenius equation.
Usability of Food and Beverage Packs in Hospital—Experiences from the Renal Ward
This study explores the experience of the vulnerable renal patient with packaged food and beverages supplied in hospital food service. Previous studies have identified that food and beverage packs used in hospitals are problematic for older users - some packs unable to be opened and many rated as unsatisfactory. This observational cross sectional pilot study was conducted in the local regional hospital with 18 renal patients (aged 44-86 years; 84% aged 65 years and over) - a group of particularly vulnerable and regular hospital patients. Data collected included time taken to open packs, satisfaction ratings and comments on the packaging. Eighteen different types of packaging were used in seven meals (5 lunches and 2 snacks). The most problematic packs for patients were the margarine tubes (maximum of 20 attempts and 126 seconds to access); as well as the salad pack (with a maximum of 18 attempts and 88 seconds). Some patients resorted to using their teeth or scissors to access the packs due to poorly designed openability. Patients undergoing haemodialysis treatment had particular difficulties with pack openability due to the restricted use of one arm. The use of food and beverage packaging in hospital food service is an area that requires further examination to determine the optimal pack formats for these vulnerable users.
Influence of the Parameter of Micro-holes and Temperature on the Gas Transmission Rate of Micro-perforated Film
Micro-perforated film served as modified atmosphere packaging has the function of spontaneously regulating gaseous composition in packaging and prolonging the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, so public attention has been widely received recently. However, to develop high-oxygen permeable films having a tailored property is still challenging. In this work, the container covered by various micro-perforated films were placed in a controlled atmosphere box with different gaseous composition and temperature, and the O2 and CO2 concentrations in the container were tested regularly by the head-space analyzer, thereby the gas transmission rate of the micro-perforated film under different conditions could be calculated. The effects of micro-hole diameter (D), hole numbers (n), the distance between micro-holes(L) and temperature on the gas transmission rate of micro-perforated film were studied. The experimental data showed that when L6D, the influence of the distance between micro-holes could be neglected, and the number of micro-hole on the gas transmission rate is more pronounced than that of the diameter of micro-hole because of the end effects within the same area of micro-holes, besides, the gas transmission rate of the micro-perforated film seems not to be severely affected compared with non-perforated films by temperature from 4℃to 35℃. This work could provide greater reference value for the fresh-keeping application and preparation of the micro-perforated film.
Influence of Coating Time on the Preservation Performance of Chitosan/Montmorillonite Composite Coating on Tangerine Fruits
Chitosan (CS)/montmorillonite (CS/MMT) coatings have been applied on fresh tangerine fruits for two times to study the effect of coating structure changes on their preservation performance. After the first coating, the second coating was conducted before (at day 3) and after (at day 5) the perforation of coatings during storage, respectively. During storage, the quality of fruits and the changes of coating morphologies were monitored. Results showed that, micro-pores appeared on the coating layer of CS/MMT-0 at day 3, which was coated for only one time at day 0, while perforation was significantly retarded by the second coating. Moreover, the coating carried out at day 3 on CS/MMT-3 was much more stable in structure compared to that at day 5 on CS/MMT-5. Furthermore, the accumulated decay rates of the coated fruits were much lower than that of the control group (CK), particularly CS/MMT-3. CS/MMT-3 showed higher contents of ascorbic acid and total soluble solids at the later stage of storage. The activities of defense-related enzymes (peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO)) in fruit peels were also higher in CS/MMT-3 and CS/MMT-5. Therefore, it demonstrated that the preservation performance of CS/MMT coating is closely related to the stability of coating structure, which can be enhanced by the second time coating.
Predicting the Shelf-life of Hurood Cheese Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy Based on RBF Neural Networks
Hurood, a kind of Chinese traditional cheese with high moisture, needs cold storage in the process of transportation and preservation otherwise the frequency of deterioration is very high. In order to predict the shelf-life of hurood cheese rapidly and nondestructively, near infrared (NIR) spectral data of vacuum-packed hurood cheese at different storage times was obtained using a portable near-infrared spectrometer (from 950 to 1650 nm). The moisture, protein, coliform bacteria, mold and total bacteria count, were measured by traditional methods and the 12th day was assessed as the milestone for the shelf-life of hurood cheese. Spectral data was preprocessed separately by haar wavelet, db5 wavelet, sym5 wavelet, coif1 wavelet and bior1.1 wavelet soft threshold to denoise the spectra. 48 samples during shelf-life and 72 expired samples were divided into calibration set and validation set according to the ratio of 3:1 respectively. Then by using spectral data of calibration set and the corresponding class-labels (in shelf-life or outside shelf-life) the identification models of shelf-life period were established based on radial basis function neural networks (RBF-NN) while the validation set was for validating the models. Results showed that, RBF-NN with wavelet pretreatment was able to define the critical day during hurood cheese shelf-life. The portable NIR spectrometer excels in rapidly and nondestructively evaluating the quality and shelf-life of the vacuum-packed hurood cheese.
Effect of Compound Preservative on Fresh-Keeping of Fresh-Cut Water Chestnut
In order to control the quality deterioration of fresh-cut water chestnuts and extend its shelf life. The fresh-cut water chestnuts were soaked with salt, white sugar and white vinegar solution,taking the water chestnuts color, hardness, water loss and sensory score as index, The formula of compound preservative for fresh-cut water chestnut was optimized by single factor and orthogonal experiments. The results showed that the optimal for mula of preservative for fresh-cut water chestnut was 80 g/L salt + 100 g/L white vinegar + 3 g/L sugar. This formula could significantly inhibit the activities of polyphenol oxidase(PPO), keep brightness and total phenol content, reduce relative conductivity, delay weight loss and softening, maintain the content of total soluble solid, and has better sensory quality. This formula extended the shelf life of fresh-cut water chestnut about 6d compared with the control group.
The Analysis of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons in Local Paper Food Packaging Materials
A survey of 9 paper samples (including printed and non-printed, coated and non-coated with paraffin ) intended for food contact has been undertaken. Extracted with hexane by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) with sequential analysis by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum ï¼ˆ GC-MS ï¼‰ to identify mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in these samples. It shows that there are amount of 352-3123mg. Kg-1 n-alkanes mixture:C16-C44 MOSH in the samples. In this paper, MOSH in the paper samples were quantified. And for comparative purpose, 3 corresponding blank samples which were not printed were analyzed as described above. Results show that contents of MOSH in the printed and paraffin coated ones are higher than the blank ones. Consequently, printing inks and paraffin are the main sources of the MOSH and controlling the quality of printing inks and paraffin is the best way to ensure the security of paper food packaging materials and the consumers’ health.
Preparation and Application of Antibacterial Coatings Based Nanometer TiO2
Objective In this paper, the dispersion of nano-TiO2 was studied and the chitosan was added to increase the sterilization rate, and then the antibacterial coating with excellent performance was obtained and applied to the research of antibacterial paper packaging. Methods In the dispersive experiments about nano-TiO2, we used the method of orthogonal test to measure the centrifuge stability of Nano-TiO2. Meanwhile, the optimum dispersion process was determined by measuring the particle size and Zeta potential. Finally, we added the chitosan , Pigments, adhesives and additives to the TiO2 dispersion to prepare antimicrobial coatings. Result In the dispersibility experiment, we found that the highest of centrifuge stability is 65.4%, and the smallest particle size is 180dnm, the maximum potential is 46.5mv when the content of ethanol is 10%, the ratio of SHMP to PEG1000 is 1: 2 and the total amount of dispersant is 1.5% (relative to the nano-TiO2) and ultrasound time is 15min, PH of the solution is 10. So it is the best dispersion process. Finally, we added the chitosan, pigments, adhesives and additives to prepare the best antibacterial coating under the best dispersion process.
Study on Ecological Coating Film Packaging Paper for Food Packaging
Study the use of cellulose as a coating material on the base paper coating production of food packaging paper, using NMMO direct dissolution method to dissolved cellulose. Through a series of single-factor experiments to compare the best formula for making cellulose coated paper, and test the main properties of the cellulose coated paper produced. The cellulose concentration is 5%, the mass ratio of cellulose to chitosan is 4:1, and the plasticizer glycerin concentration is 3%, the resulting cellulose coated paper to achieve the best performance. The coating amount of 2g / ãŽ¡, moisture permeability coefficient of 480.23g/ ㎡·24h, oxygen permeability coefficient of 7.8g·mm/ ㎡·24h, oil permeability 0.026g·mm / Â·d, tensile strength of 7012N/m.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) for Extension of Shelf-life of Chilled Freshwater Shrimp
This work evaluated the effect of air- and modified atmosphere-packaging (MAP) on the shelf life of chilled freshwater shrimp, which is widely distributed in China and Japan. Freshwater shrimp were stored in air and under modified atmosphere packaging (M1: 80% CO2/20% N2, M2: 50% CO2/50% N2, M3: 30% CO2/70% N2) at 4 ℃ for up to 12 days. Microbiological, physico-chemical, changes in degree of depression and sensory attributes were measured. The results showed that total viable counts (TVC) reached the limiting value (7.0 log CFU/g) after 4, 10, 10 and 8 days of storage under aerobic, M1, M2 and M3 packaging conditions, respectively, while the sensory values (odor) with the trend for TVC. During the storage, the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content of chilled freshwater shrimp in MAP packaging was lower than that in air-packaging, especially the M1 and M2 Group. However, the M1 group of modified air box depression significantly higher than the others, affecting the appearance of the product. And the M1 group had the lower elasticity values in comparison with those freshwater shrimp of M2 Group. In conclusion, 50%CO2 concentration packaging prolonged the shelf-life by at least 6 days when stored at 4°C. Our results provide practical information to extend the shelf-life of chilled freshwater shrimp, which will benefit the industry by reducing unnecessary waste.
Actively Controlled High Carbon Dioxide Concentration Container for Improved Preference and Preservation of Kimchi, a Korean Fermented Vegetable
Container system to actively keep modified atmosphere of high carbon dioxide concentration by automated control was designed and tested to store kimchi, a Korean fermented vegetable at high sensory preference for long time period. The system was constructed with a 10 L stainless steel container with plastic cover installed with quick-connecting and check valves. Hypobaric vacuumizing from the vacuum pump and carbon dioxide injection from the carbon dioxide cylinder were combined or used in a programmed automatic mode timely in accordance with the progress of kimchi fermentation. Two storage tests were conducted: one at chilled temperature of 10 °C and the other of storage at 10 °C followed by a higher temperature of 25 °C. The container was filled initially with 8 kg of kimchi (salt content of 2.6-2.7%), closed with a cover and flushed with carbon dioxide. The process of repetitive vacuumizing/carbon dioxide injection reached the internal carbon dioxide partial pressure higher than 0.9 atm. During the storage, carbon dioxide gas was injected into the container for 15 seconds every 12 hours or every 24 hours depending on the kimchi ripening progress through the carbon dioxide supply line to supplement the carbon dioxide that is dissolved into the kimchi or lost. A container simply closed without vacuumizing and carbon dioxide injection was submitted to the same storage and opening/closing conditions for the purpose of control. During the storage, the containers were opened and closed intermittently often with taking out some kimchi to simulate consumer behavior, and then the same procedure of hypobaric treatment and carbon dioxide injection was followed for the CO2-controlled one. Container atmosphere and product quality were measured through the storage. Compared to the control container, the CO2-controlled container system improved the sensory flavor of kimchi in the whole storage period and inhibited the growth of spoilage yeasts with the extended storage at both the chilled and abuse temperatures.
Quantitation Analysis of Nonylphenol and Octylphenol in the Food Simulants
A method was developed for determination of the migration of nonylphenol (4-nonylphenol and nonylphenol), octylphenol (4-octylphenol and octylphenol) from food contact material to food simulants by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS). The food contact material was contact with 4% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, 20% ethanol, 50% ethanol and isooctane, the nonylphenol and octylphenol in food simulants were quantitative analysis by external standard method by LC-MS. The result showed that the calibration curves of nonylphenol and octylphenol was liner in the range of 0.001-0.2 mg kg-1 with correlation coefficients not less than 0.99. The spiked recoveries of NP and OP at different spiked levels were in the range of 94%-115% and 90%-115% with relative standard deviations(RSD) of 1.7%-8.0% and 1.5%-6.9%. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.001 mg kg-1 and 0.0005 mg kg-1 for NP and OP, respectively. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.005 mg kg-1 and 0.001 mg kg-1 for NP and OP, respectively. This method was precise, highly sensitive and accurate, which can be applied in qualitative and quantitation analysis of the migration of nonylphenol and octylphenol in the food simulants.
The Effect of Packaging Materials and Storage Condition On the Quality of Jasmine Rice
Thai jasmine rice is one of the main export and important agricultural products of Thailand. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is an aroma compound giving aromatic or fragrant rice characteristic. The quality of jasmine rice can be determined by 2AP which is easily loss by transporting through the packaging materials. The barrier properties of packaging materials are the important property, especially for the aromatic food products. Aroma is the main factor in the consumer acceptability of food products. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of packaging films on the aroma quality of jasmine rice at different storage conditions, 25 and 38 °C. The packaging films used in this study were the multilayer films, the oriented polypropylene/aluminium foil/linear low-density polyethylene (OPP/Al/LLDPE), the oriented polypropylene/metallized polyethylene terephthalate/linear low-density polyethylene (OPP/MPET/LLDPE) and the oriented polypropylene/linear low-density polyethylene (OPP/LLDPE) films. Two hundred grams of jasmine rice was packed in the packaging films. The weight loss and color values were determined as the quality of jasmine rice. Moreover, the head space volatiles of rice extracted by SPME were performed on a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the packaging film types and the storage temperature showed the effect on the quality of jasmine rice. The good quality of jasmine rice was found in the OPP/LLDPE film at low temperature (25 °C). The jasmine rice exhibited the good odor and appearance, bright color and the lowest weight loss during the storage time. In addition, the insect and moth were not found in the multilayer films of jasmine rice for 60 days at 25 °C. The concentration of 2AP was the highest in the OPP/LLDPE followed by OPP/MPET/LLDPE and OPP/AL/LLDPE, respectively. The information from this study can be used for selection the type of packaging film to preserve the quality of rice.
Drop Performance of Dangerous Goods Packages in the Aspect of Parcel Delivery Standards
Requirements for dangerous goods packaging are well known, whatever version are used. The testing circumstances are strictly defined for each transportation method (road, rail, air, sea). But nowadays it is becoming a practice that courier express operators transport dangerous goods as single package. This parcel delivery method means a higher risk for all kind of logistics participants. By this service the packages are delivered fast, but handled more roughly than in comparison to LTL (less than truckload) or FTL (full truck load). Naturally, the parcel delivery sector uses its own suitability testing methods, which are also well defined. These procedures are coming from various standards such as ASTM, ISTA or corporate (FedEx) standards. This paper compares the most common parcel delivery testing conditions concerning the drop test requirements of DGR (Dangerous Goods Regulation) using packaging such as paper bag, corrugated fibreboard box, steel drum and plastic jerrycan, respectively. Then the test results were analyzed to present the differences.
Influence of the Length of the Internal Sleeve Valve on the Release of Powdery Substances from the Closures of Valved Bags for Dangerous Goods
In practice, checks on dangerous goods transports often detect leaks of powdered dangerous goods from valved bags. In this work, the influence factors of a sudden release of powdery substances from the valves of valved bags were investigated. Drop tests were carried out on paper bags of UN design type 5M2 with internal sleeve valve using two different powdery substances (Esplas H130 and zinc oxide “Rotsiegelâ€). The internal sleeve valves of all test samples were not sift-proof with respect to both filling substances. For almost all test samples, the Esplas H130 powder already leaked out of pasted joints during manual filling. This is a contradiction to the requirement in UN 6.1.4.18.1, according to which closures and joints of paper bags 5M2 should be sift-proof. In the drop tests, longer valve lengths had a greater sealing effect for both filling substances (for filling degrees of at least 95% and for test samples which had already been mechanically loaded). As an extreme example, at the drop height of 1.20 m and a filling degree of 100%, the released amount of zinc oxide powder from a 10 cm long valve was about 16 times higher than from a valve length of 12.5 cm. The valve length is therefore a safety-relevant parameter and should be specified by the manufacturer. To ensure that only filling goods with similar physical properties in comparison to the test substance are used for valved bags, the user must be informed of the particle size of the test substance.
Research on Fault Feature Extraction Method Based on SVM of Printing Machine
With the increase of the printing machine speed, once the printing failure is not solved in time, it will affect the normal production and cause a lot of waste. The overprinting fault is one of the common faults of various printing machines, and the modularization and complexity of various color groups make the fault depend mainly on the experience of the people. A fault feature extraction and diagnosis method based on One-class Support Vector Machines (One-class SVM) is proposed in this paper. According to the characteristics of typical faults of printing machines and three kinds of information obtained by built-in sensors, external sensors and printed materials, established typical fault characteristic parameter sets of printing machines. The One-class SVM fault diagnosis model of printing machine is established by One-class SVM method. According to the nonlinear and separable feature of printing machine faults, the kernel function suitable for typical faults of printing machines is determined. Taking a multi color lithography machine as an example, the dynamic signals are obtained by field test in view of the inconsistency of registration accuracy in different color sets. Through signal feature extraction and mesh parameter optimization, the recognition and classification of overprinting faults between color groups in modular multi-color printing machine are completed. The research shows that, according to the dynamic information collected by external sensors in the field, the fault diagnosis One-class SVM model of the printing machine is put forward to realize the identification of the overprinting faults in the modular color group. The method can be used for remote condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, and is suitable for most types of presses.
Fault-tolerant Control for Demagnetization Faults in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
This paper presents a fault-tolerant control method based on the on-line detection of flux linkage, which can effectively solve the problem of permanent magnet demagnetization faults in the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). In order to analyze the effect of the permanent magnet flux linkage demagnetization on the PMSM, the mathematical model of demagnetization faults is established. Then, a real-time estimation equation for permanent magnet flux is established based on the equivalent control principle of sliding mode variable structure, whereas the observer is designed based on sliding mode variable structure. Meanwhile, the fault-tolerant control method of maintaining the air magnetic flux of PMSM constant is proposed under the current constraint conditions.
Experimental Investigations on Three-point Bending Fatigue of Corrugated Board
A series of three-point bending fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the bending fatigue behavior of flute type B and C corrugated paperboard samples under cyclic loading. The S-N curve was obtained. The fatigue failure of corrugated paperboard may be described by both Basquin type and exponential type S-N curves, however the exponential type S-N curve is more appropriate. The stiffness is gradually degraded with almost same energy dissipation in most stress cycles, but it decreases abruptly with the enlarged energy dissipation when the testing cycle is very close to the ultimate cycles of fatigue failure. The corrugated board deforms constantly under the action of cyclic loading, and no visible crack appears. The fatigue failure modes and mechanisms are same for the corrugated boards with B-flute and C-flute, however the S-N curve of corrugated board is closely related to the flute structure. The results obtained in this paper may be applied to the dynamic design and accelerated vibration test of stacked corrugated boxes.
A Systematic Optimization Method for Plastic Injection Molding Operational Parameters
This paper presents an integrated optimization method to find the optimized operational parameters in Plastic Injection Molding (PIM), such as flow rate, melt temperature, mold temperature, pressure holding time and packing pressure that will minimize the shrinkage under the constraints of injection pressure and cooling time. Design of Experiments (DOE) is used to reduce the computational cost for simulations. Furthermore, the possibility value (P-value) is adopted to identify the significant factors among all design variables with respect to each functions. Monotonicity Analysis is then employed to detect the active constraints and to reduce the complexity of the original optimization problem so that the problem can be easily solved by a simple regression. Finally, the responses obtained by the simulation with the optimized operational parameters are used to validate our solutions. One design example is presented in this paper. For this example, twenty-five initial samples are evaluated using Solidworks Plastics based on the orthogonal array from the DOE with five variables. There are two constraints on injection pressure and cooling time. P-value shows that packing pressure is not a significant factor for shrinkage and two constraints in the example, then it can be moved out in later optimization. The exact value of flow rate and pressure holding time can be found out by Monotonicity Analysis. Finally, by solving the regression equations with melt temperature and mold temperature, the optimal parameters combination will be solved. Using the optimized parameters in simulation, the shrinkage for the example is 0.3950 mm, the shrinkage result is smaller than that in initial samples which can satisfy the constraints.
The “water-free bonding of corrugated boardâ€ concept focuses on the development, waste management and market potential of a new corrugated board production method. It has earlier been shown that by integrating PLA into paper, certain mechanical properties of corrugated board papers can be enhanced. These enhanced papers have been used for producing corrugated board. Corrugated board is usually produced by gluing the corrugated board paper layers with a starch suspension. This process is reducing the mechanical paper strength and is also energy consuming, as the water added by the starch suspension in the process has to be evaporated. In this study, two new water-free joining techniques for corrugated board have been investigated: PLA-welding, which melts the inherent PLA of the paper to create a bond and using PLA as an adhesive. Both techniques have shown promising results and are recommended for further investigation, however, replacing starch glue with PLA seems to be a solution closer to the market. For the material to fit in a future circular economy it is important that the waste is managed in a way that is sustainable for the environment and the society. Repulpability testing in combination with literature studies indicate that the new material would be possible to recycle, and that the new material could function in every step described in the EU Waste Framework Directive.
Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Modified Nanocellulose/PLA Composites from Cassava Residue
Nanocellulose was prepared by a mechanochemical method using cassava residue as a raw material and phosphoric acid as the auxiliary agent. The prepared nanocellulose was hydrophobically modified with stearic acid to improve its dispersibility. This modified nanocellulose was added to polylactic acid (PLA) film-forming liquids at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%, and the effect of modified nanocellulose on the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) films were investigated. When at least 0.5% modified nanocellulose is added, more active groups of modified nanocellulose are adsorbed onto the PLA molecular chain. Although the tensile strength of the film is only improved by 13.59%, the flexibility of the film decreases, and the elastic modulus decreases by 28.91%. When 1% modified nanocellulose is added, the modified nanocellulose and PLA are tangled together through molecular chains and they co-crystallize to form a stable network structure. The tensile strength of the nanocomposite films is enhanced by 40.03%, the elastic modulus is enhanced by 55.65%, and the flexibility of the film decreases.
High Barrier Layer Though Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition Alumina at Atmospheric Pressure on Polylactic Acid Web
Owing to increased impact of environmental protection issues, a greater effort has been made in developing degradable biological materials without any environmental pollution to replace oil-based traditional plastics. Among numerous kinds of degradable polymers, polylactic acid (PLA), an aliphatic polyester and biocompatible thermoplastic, is currently a most promising and popular material with the brightest development prospect. However, the poor barrier properties at a relative high humidity due to absorption of water and swelling of polymer block this plastic application. Therefore, in order to enhance the applications, the Al2O3 thin film has been deposited on the 40μm PLA surface through atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. As comparison polyethylene terephthalate (PET) web, 125μm in thickness, is also used as substrates. The highlight in this work is that we employ a dielectric barrier discharge plasma, working at an ambient pressure, plasma assisted ALD to grow Al2O3 coating. We use trimethylaluminum (TMA) and Ar/O2 plasma as precursor and oxidant at temperatures of 65°C and 80°C, respectively, to study the influence of the deposition temperature effect. After measurement of barrier properties, we result that ALD Al2O3 coating can greatly decrease the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) but depending on the coating thickness. When the thickness of ALD Al2O3 is over 80 nm, the role of thickness on the barrier properties is negligible, whereas the pinholes are the main path for the water permeation. The minimum WVTR values of ALD Al2O3 coating PLA and PET reach 200 mg/m2/day and 2 mg/m2/day, compared to the pristine value of 80040 mg/m2/day and 3170 mg/m2/day respectively. Additionally, the chemical composition and surface morphology of Al2O3 coating are characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometer, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectric spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, for analysis of the high barrier properties.
Effects of Surface-Modified Nano-TiO2/Ag+ on the Properties of HDPE Plastic Sheet
The surface modification of nano-TiO2/Ag+ particles with titanate coupling agent and its effect on the properties of composite high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets were studied. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize and analyze the unmodified and modified nano-TiO2/Ag+ particles. The dispersion of the powders in the sheet was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the hydrophilic property of the sheet was measured by the contact angle measurement instrument. Results show that the lipophilic degree of the modified nano-TiO2/Ag+ powder can reach to more than 60% when the NDZ-201 is added by 2%. FT-IR investigation indicates that the titanate coupling agent can be chemically bonded on the surface of nano-TiO2/Ag+. Moreover, XRD shows that the modification did not lead to structural changes of the powder. The dispersability of modified powder and its compatibility with HDPE has been significantly improved． With the nano- TiO2/Ag+ content increases, the hydrophobic property of the composite HDPE sheet is enhanced.
Influence of Urea and Sorbitol on Packaging Properties of Biodegradable PVA/Hemicellulose Blend Films
In recent years, numerous studies have focused on biodegradable biomass-derived materials for packaging applications. To improve the mechanical and barrier properties, biodegradable hemicellulose extracted from bagasse pith blend films containing poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were elaborated by casting method in this study. A series of blend films at a PVA/hemicellulose weight ratio of 4:1 under the addition of sorbitol and urea were investigated. Influences of the sorbitol and urea amounts on the packaging properties of blend films were analyzed. Results showed that increasing the sorbitol amount led to a decrease in tensile strength and OP, and an increase in elongation at break, contact angle and WVP, While the urea amount led to a decrease in WVP and OP, and an increase in tensile strength, elongation at break and contact angle. The addition of 1.5 % urea in blend films without sorbitol had a positive impact on improving the moisture barrier performance and oxygen barrier properties of blend films，the values of PV and OP were 4.13×10-13·g·cm/cm2·s·Pa and 0.08×10-4·cm3/m·24h·0.1MPa, respectively. Moreover, FTIR and XRD were used to confirm the compatibility of the PVA and hemicellulose components. FTIR analysis displayed the intensity of hydroxyl groups of blend films became stronger with increasing amounts of sorbitol, while the opposite results were obtained with an increase of the amount of urea. These indicated that sorbitol could improve the miscibility between PVA and hemicellulose, and urea could improve the moisture barrier performance of blend films. This study shows potential applications of biopolymer extracted from agriculture and forestry biomass as future barrier packaging films.
Synthesis of PEDOT/CB Composites via in Situ Chemical Oxidative Polymerization and Application in Conductive Ink
Polymer conductive ink has good flexibility, high conductivity, environmental stability, thermal stability, so has the huge market potential and become the forefront of the printed electronics industry. In this paper, a new type of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/carbon black (CB) composite conductive material has been developed by in-situ polymerization as the main component of conductive ink. The conductive composite forms a cladding structure with PEDOT as the shell and conductive carbon black as the core. The method of in situ polymerization allows EDOT to polymerize directly on the CB surface, eliminating the need to add poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS). Due to the conjugated effect of PEDOT and the tunneling effect of conductive carbon black, the composite has higher electrical conductivity. The morphology and structure of the PEDOT/CB nanocomposite were confirmed by both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while their chemical structure and thermal properties were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively.
Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of Poly(lactic acid)/ Montmorillonoid (I.34TCN) Composites
To investigate the occurrence of recrystallization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), the complex thermal behavior of pure PLA and PLA composites (1 wt % montmorillonoid (I.34TCN)/PLA, 2 wt % I.34TCN/PLA, 3 wt % I.34TCN/PLA, 4 wt % I.34TCN/PLA), either isothermally or non-isothermally, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The changes of the thermal behavior with crystallization temperature and cooling rate was recorded and analyzed. Due to the introduction of I.34TCN, up to two melting and different cold-crystallization peaks during DSC second heating scans are observed. It is concluded that these effects could be largely based on the mechanism of melt-recrystallization. The effect of I.34TCN content is small and the cooling rate has the great influence on the melting temperature of PLA composites. Especially, the melting temperature can be significantly increased by 20 oC when I.34TCN content is 4 wt %. After non-isothermal crystallization at low cooling rates that develop high crystallinity, an obvious double crystallization peak appears at modest cooling rate. During DSC second heating scans, the appearance of different cold-crystallization peak of pure PLA and PLA composites is effect of cold crystallization and melt-recrystallization of metastable or partially crystalline crystals formed during the cooling process. With increasing of cooling rate, these samples exhibit only single melting, and the main melting peaks move to higher temperature. The introduction of I.34TCN improves the PLA thermal stability, and the thorough understanding of thermal deformation and cold-crystallization mechanism can enhance the application of PLA in the packaging material field.
Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Graphene/Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite Films
This study compared the influence of different loading of graphene and functionalized graphene on the optical , thermal and mechanical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) films. Graphene oxide (GO) was modified by introducing -(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (KH-560) to obtain functionalized graphene oxide (FGO), then FGO was reduced by using hydrazine hydrate to prepare functionalized graphene(FG). FG/LDPE nanocomposite films and G/LDPE nanocomposite films were prepared by melt compounding and blow molding. The samples were characterized by using fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) , field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),etc. The results showed that siloxane of KH-560 grafted onto FG; the disorder of FG increased and the interlayer spacing between FG was also 1.8 times that of G; FG preferable dispersed in LDPE and agglomeration of FG was less; the improvement of FG on the optical, thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films was obvious. When the mass fraction of FG is 0.5%, crystallinity and elasticity modulus of the FG/LDPE nanocomposite films increased by 8.4% and 62% respectively.
Comparative Study of Stability of Cellulose-based Aqueous Pulp Foam from Various Surfactants
Effects of different surfactants of SDS and Tween-80 on the foamability and foam stability of cellulose-based aqueous foam were investigated by using stirring foaming process. The study on size and distribution characteristics of bubbles was highlighted. The structure of the foam could be characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the addition of SDS was superior to Tween-80 in the foamability. It was found that when the amount of surfactant SDS was 0.5 g/L, the system foamability and foam stability were better. The SEM images of the solid foam showed that there was no obvious change in the pore size of the two systems with 0.5 g/L SDS and 1.0 g/L SDS. However, the cross-section of 1.0 g/L SDS obviously delaminated, and the cross-sectional fiber distribution of 0.5 g/L SDS was more uniform. So after adding CPAM, 0.5 g/L SDS is still the best forming effect.
Synthesis of Eu1-xGdx(TTA)3 Phen Complexes and Preparation of Water-based Fluorescent Anti-counterfeiting Ink
The ever-changing and rampant counterfeit goods have promoted the development of security anti-counterfeiting technology. The functional anti-counterfeiting inks, especially the fluorescent inks have obtained much more attention from researchers due to the characteristics of convenient detection, excellent security performances, and favorable stability. In this study, a solution method involving two ligands (-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) and Phenanthroline (Phen)) and two rare earth elements (Eu and Gd) was proposed to prepare Eu1-xGdx(TTA)3Phen complexes (where x is the molar fraction of doping elements). The compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence spectroscopic (PL) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtained Eu1-xGdx(TTA)3Phen was then incorporated into waterborne polyurethane to prepare fluorescent inks. The results showed that the synthetic Eu1-xGdx(TTA)3Phen complexes presented excellent performances, such as good dispersion, strong fluorescence intensity, and high thermal stability. The crosslinking density of waterborne polyurethane exhibited a significant influence on the luminescent properties. The ink and printing products were invisible under ambient conditions, while showed bright red fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) light, which indicated that the ink possesses a good anti-counterfeiting performance and was promising to be widely used as a packaging material.
Crystallization, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of PA6-66 Films under Constrained Uniaxial Stretching
The polyamide 6-66 (PA6-66) films were prepared via extrusion film casting, followed by constrained uniaxial stretching (CUS) on a biaxial stretcher. It is revealed that the increasing of stretch ratio gave rise to increased crystallinity of PA6-66, indicating the presence of the strain-induced crystallization during stretching. The tensile strength of the PA6-66 films was both increased in the MD as the increasing of stretch ratio, accompanied by the decreasing of the elongation at break. This could be attributed to the orientation of the crystalline region and amorphous phase, giving rise to the highly aligned molecular chains and lamellae that may withstand high stress whereas present low flexibility. A monotonous decreased tendency of the permeability as increasing the stretch ratio was found for both water vapor and oxygen permeability. The increased crystallinity and the orientation of the crystal lamellae could be the primary reasons for the decrement of the gas permeability.
Highly Compressible Ultra-Light Cellulose/Graphene Aerogel Fabricated by Bidirectional Freeze Drying for Selective Oil Absorption
Low density aerogels are a promising material for oil absorption, but they typically suffer from low compressibility and elasticity. Herein, three-dimensional (3D) highly compressible, elastic, anisotropic, cellulose/graphene aerogels (CGAs) were prepared by bidirectional freeze drying. After the grafting of long carbon chains through chemical vapor deposition, the modified cellulose/graphene aerogels (MCGA) gained superhydrophobicity. The synergistic effects of flexible cellulose, stiff graphene, and the special bidirectionally aligned porous structure gave MCGA outstanding compression and recoverability properties. MCGA was able to recover 99.8% and 96.3% when compressed to 60% and 90% strain, respectively. Due to its ultra lightweight (bulk density of 5.9 mg/cm3) and high surface area (47.3 m2/g), MCGA possesses a remarkable absorption capacity of 80~197 times its weight, which surpasses all hydrophobic cellulose aerogels and most carbon-based aerogels. Furthermore, the high elasticity of MCGA facilitates fast and efficient recovery of the absorbed oil by simple mechanical squeezing, and ensures excellent performance stability over repeated use. The high compressibility and high oil recovery ability though mechanical squeezing has never been achieved by other aerogels. Hence, MCGA can serve as a promising super absorbent material for selective oil absorption and recovery.
Effect of Biaxial-Simultaneous Stretching Conditions on OTR and CO2 Permeation of CO2 Laser Perforated Poly(lactic acid) Film
The biaxially oriented poly(lactic acid) (BOPLA) films prepared using simultaneous biaxial stretching were perforated by CO2 laser with the power of 60W. The focal spot diameter was fixed at 103 μm. Pulse durations were varied from 1 to 30 μs, which corresponds to the fluence from 1.4 to 42.6 J/cm2. The perforated microhole size increased with increasing laser energy. The shape of microholes was circular for the films of equi-biaxial stretching, whereas elliptical microholes were formed with its long and short axes corresponding to the directions of higher and lower stretch ratios, respectively. Comparing the laser perforation behavior of the as-drawn films and annealed films, the opening of a microhole in the annealed films started at higher laser fluence, and at the same fluence the size of microhole was smaller. Gas transmission rates of the BOPLA films with different thicknesses were examined. The oxygen transmission rates (OTR) of film improved with increased microhole diameter. The OTR of films containing 1 microhole/103 cm2 (hole diameter of ~110 μm) was 184, 150 and 98 cm3/d in comparison with the OTR for the original films without microhole of only 16, 10 and 8 cm3/d, respectively. Packaging films with OTR higher than 100 cm3/d (equivalent to the 9,700 cm3/m2/d) are required to create a modified atmosphere inside the package of fresh produce for shelf-life extension. Measured OTR and CO2TR values of the three different shapes of microhole were compared and discussed.
Selection of Cushioning Packaging Materials Based on the Improved Entropy Weight Grey Correlation
With the rapid development of economy in current society, the circulation of products becomes increasingly frequent and quick, and the clients’ requirements for the integrity of the products become higher. Therefore, package cushioning has been widely used in product packaging and plays an important part in protecting the products during storage, shipment and sale. In order to satisfy the cushioning requirements of different products, appropriate cushioning materials should be selected considering economical and environmental properties. The established evaluation system comprises 9 evaluation indicators corresponding to the characteristics of different material, which includes restrictive and preferred indicators, and adopts grey relational analysis method. The grey relational ranking for five common cushioning materials is obtained through the case study, and the optimal alternative material is clarified. The method avoids the situation where the evaluation indicators are considered equally, reduces the error brought about by the subjective judge for the similar materials through the entropy method, and provides reference for protecting products.
Mechanical Properties and Anaerobic Biodegradation of Thermoplastic Starch/Polycaprolactone Blends
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) has emerged as a readily biodegradable and inexpensive biomaterial that can replace traditional plastics in applications such as food service and packaging. TPS is an abundant, renewable resource with a low processing temperature when compared with other biodegradable polymers. However, TPS has very low strength and it is brittle. Therefore, there is a need to modify it or blend it with other biodegradable polymers to achieve the desired performance. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a rubbery biodegradable plastic that can be used to improve the ductile behavior of TPS. The goal of this research was to determine the viability of TPS as an inexpensive majority component in polymer blends with PCL. A ductile bioplastic that is cost-competitive can promote the use of compostable packaging. This study also evaluated biodegradation through anaerobic digestion under mesophilic (37±2°C) and thermophilic (52±2°C) conditions. Preliminary studies on the anaerobic degradation of PCL revealed that thermophilic degradation conditions were favorable compared to mesophilic conditions. While mesophilic digestion can work when a high percentage of TPS is blended with PCL, thermophilic conditions offer an advantage even at a lower TPS percentage. Addition of TPS improved the biodegradability of PCL significantly, possibly due to increased surface area of PCL exposed after TPS degrades from the blend.
Anaerobic Biodegradation of Bioplastic Packaging Materials
With multiple initiatives to keep food-waste away from landfills, packaging systems that are compatible with the alternative end of life scenario (e.g., composting, biodigestion) are required. Anaerobic digestion converts biodegradable materials into energy-rich biogas. However, currently, the plastic packaging for handling food scraps have to be separated before digestion even if the plastic is regarded as biodegradable because they do not degrade in the required timeframe. If the biodegradation rate of bioplastics can match that of organic waste, the foodwaste and packaging can be comingled in a single stream. Polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) have a diverse range of applications. However they take a prolonged period to degrade completely. On the contrary, thermoplastic starch and polyhydroxyalcanoate (PHA) stand out as fast degrading polymers that can be compounded into polylactic acid to improve biodegradation. This study investigated the anaerobic biodegradation of commercially available bioplastics and potential ways to increase biodegradation rates. Commercial polymers were melt blended and converted into films including PLA and PLA blends with PCL and PBS. The effect of calcium carbonate as an additive was also evaluated. A laboratory scale automated methane potential testing system was used to study the degradation behavior. Calcium carbonate at low concentrations showed potential to improve biodegradation rates by providing a pathway for microbial activity. Co-digestion of PLA with food-waste resulted in a 10% increase in biomethane potential, indicating a synergistic effect. The results showed the potential for developing packaging solutions for handling food-waste that can readily degrade in industrial anaerobic digestion facilities.
Influence of Aroma Compound Sorption on the Thermal Properties of Biopolymer Films
In a polymeric packaging system, interactions occur between product, package and environment. The interactions between these phases involve mass transfer processes described as permeation, migration and sorption. The permeation of aroma compounds through the packaging materials relates to the the diffusion and sorption phenomena. The sorption is the uptake of aroma compound into the packaging materials which this phenomenon could effect on the properties of the packaging materials. This study determined solubility coefficients of citral for poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) films and also determined their thermal properties before and after the sorption phenomenon occurred during the storage time. The extraction method was used to extract the sorbed compound from the film samples by dichloromethane. The sorption of citral mass into the PLA and PBS films was analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GCFID) at the interval time. The solubility coefficients of citral into the PLA and PBS films were determined. In the meantime, the thermal properties of PLA and PBS films were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed similar trends with the amount of the sorbed citral into the PLA and PBS films. The solubility coefficients of citral were lower in PLA film than in PBS films. Solubility increased with decreasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) of the PLA and PBS films. The results suggest that the citral acts as a plasticizer affecting the interactions between the aroma compound and film samples. It can be concluded that the thermal properties of biopolymers were primarily affected by the sorption of aroma compound into the biopolymer films.
The Migration Study of Plasticizer in PVC Food Packaging Film under Microwave Condition
In order to study the migration law of plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food packaging film under microwave condition, we need to measure the kinds and content of plasticizer in food packaging film itself and then to measure the content of plasticizer in food simulant after migration experiment. Firstly, a kind of commercial PVC food packaging film was selected to conduct migration experiment, and the plasticizer in the packaging film itself and in food simulant after migration experiment were extracted by the combination of cyclotron oscillation and ultrasonic, and then the plasticizer was measured by using the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). And compared with the total ion scanning chromatogram of 16 kinds of plasticizers in SIM mode, it was found that PVC food packaging film mainly contained excessive plasticizer—dibutyl phthalate (DBP). The results showed that with the increase of microwave heating time and heating power, DBP in PVC food packaging film to food simulant (olive oil) increased gradually. By comparing the migration of DBP in different types of food simulants, it was found that the fats and oils food simulants were more favorable for migration of plasticizer in packaging film to food.
Study on Preparation and Performance of Saturated Polyester Coating
The aluminum can be coated finishing varnish film to protect the printing pattern after the printing process. The coating can be affected by external forces of jar flanging and necking, such as friction, impact force and bending force, etc. In order to improve the quality of finishing varnish film on metal cans, the effects of different coating process parameters on coating were studied. Polyester light oil material for aluminum cans was prepared by uniform stirring method, and the mass fraction of material composition were saturated by polyester coating, amino resin, heavy aromatics solvent naphtha, low aromatics solvent naphtha, isophorone and other solvents, the rest are various auxiliaries and de-ionized water. The influences of coating process parameter such as viscosity of coatings,curing time and baking temperature on film quality were discussed, while the distance between material and coating, the ratio of mandrel to roller, the viscosity of coating were adjusted, the coating surface was prepared by roller coating method and cured by baking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM ，TESCAN VEGA â…¡ , 20 kV) was used to characterize the surface structure and morphology. Intelligent gloss meter (GZ-1) was employed to analyze the surface of the final products. The surface of aluminum pot is dense; and glossiness is good with surface quality improved obviously. The optimal coating process parameter was obtained. Film with superior adhesive force, hardness, thermal resistance could be available. Finishing varnish coating process parameters were set as follows when the hardness, glossiness, and water resistance of the film are best with the viscosity,curing time and curing temperature being 85 secs, 7 min, and 170°C, respectively.
Viscoelastic Properties of Bamboo Fiber and Its Polymer Composites Revealed with Nanodynamic Mechanical Analysis
The viscoelastic properties of bamboo fiber (BF) cell wall layers and the interface between BFs and maleated polypropylene polymer (MAPP) has been investigated by means of modulus mapping based on nanodynamic mechanical analysis (NanoDMA). This technique is well suited for simultaneous imaging of several important material indicators, such as storage modulus (E), loss modulus (E) and tan . Quantitative local dynamic mechanical information of the secondary cell wall (SW), primary cell wall (PW) and cell corner (CC) could be extracted from the obtained images by means of profile analysis. Results found that the E of SW was 15.13 GPa higher than that of PW and CC by 22.3% and 48.6%, respectively, and the same trend was also found in dissipation. These indicated that nanoscale structural inhomogeneities may affect significantly the viscoelastic behavior of BF. Furthermore, modulus mapping was capable of mechanically visualizing the interface between BF and MAPP matrix, but to fail to distinguish the so called interphase layer that is normally characterized with dozens of nanometers in thickness.
Study on the Influence of Ultrasound to Extract Vinasse Cellulose
Vinasse cellulose as a not been fully development and utilization green packaging material, has a very wide research and application prospects. The purpose of this paper is to separate cellulose from the vinasse at a certain concentration of alkali solution assisted with ultrasonic treatment, and to utilize the cellulose as a novel green packaging material. On the basis of cellulose extraction efficiency, we studied the influence and effect of different alkali solutions, different concentrations of the same alkali solution, and different ultrasonic treatment time. The experiments show that the extraction efficiency reached its maximum as 35% when we used potassium hydroxide solution with a mass fraction of 7.5% under the duration of ultrasonic treatment as 30 min, and it was found to meet the characteristics of cellulose structure by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that it is feasible to separate cellulose from the vinasse in alkali solution assisted with ultrasonic treatment, which provides a new idea for the preparation of biodegradable packaging materials.
Fast Preparation of a Superhydrophobic Surface with Anti-corrosion Property on a Copper Foil
Enhancing the anti-corrosion property of metal-based packaging materials is very important in practical applications. Superhydrophobic surface has high water contact angle and low sliding angle, and showing better anti-corrosion property compared with common metal-based materials surface. Herein, a fast preparation method was developed to prepare a superhydrophobic surface with water contact angle of 163 ± 2 ° on a copper foil by a simple deposition of candle soot coating. The whole preparation time is no more than 0.5 h, and the preparation method does not damage the mechanical property of the substrate. The as-prepared superhydrophobic surface showed high mechanical and anti-corrosion. This study may provide a new way for the protection of metal materials.
Effects of Surface Modification on the Properties of Polyamide 6-66/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
Polyamide 6-66 (PA6-66) has received much attention in packaging industry due to the superior properties such as low energy consumption (low melting point) and favorable mechanical properties. In this work, two kinds of organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT) DK5 and I.34TCN, and unmodified MMT DK0 were added into the PA6-66 matrix through melt blending to prepare PA6-66/montmorillonite (PA6-66/MMT) nanocomposites. The effect of MMT modification on the structure and properties of PA6-66/MMT nanocomposites was investigated using rheometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile and impact tests. From the TEM images, it is observed that the MMT dispersed homogeneously with in the polymer matrices, showing an exfoliated nanostructure. It was found that the storage modulus of PA6-66 is obviously improved by the incorporation of OMMT. The result of DSC illustrates that the crystallization temperature of matrix materials are average about 3°C higher than that of pure PA6-66. Results showed that the PA6-66 nanocomposite incorporated with DK5 to pure PA6-66 increases the tensile strength over 26%, while nanocomposite incorporated with I.34TCN has better toughness and higher storage modulus than other materials.
Effect of Solution Aging on Mechanical Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a crystalline polymer with a high melting temperature (Tm) and glass transition temperature (Tg). Because of its good barrier properties, it is widely used in food, chemical, pharmaceutical packaging, electronics and many other fields. But due to the large number of ester bonds in the main chain of PET macromolecules, it is easily degraded by strong acids, bases and water vapor, and lead to the decrease of physical and mechanical properties. In this paper, PET was immersed in three different solutions (water, sulfuric acid, sodium chloride) to accelerate the aging. Combining with the mechanical properties test, the change of mechanical properties of PET before and after solution aging was studied to provide reference for improving the aging properties of PET. The results show that the tensile strength of PET increased by 12.7MPa, the flexural strength increased by 18.8MPa, the elongation at break decreased from 290% to zero with the aging time of solution, and the change of notched impact strength and hardness was not significant.
Study on the Structure of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with Thermal-oxidative Aging
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used in food and pharmaceutical packaging. In the processing, storage and use of the process, it will inevitably be in contact with air at a certain temperature, resulting in thermal-oxidative aging. So in this paper, the hot air exposure test was used to investigate the changes of structure before and after thermal-oxidative aging of PET by means of FTIR, DSC, UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. IR study found that, after thermal-oxidative aging, the trans conformation of PET increased, the cis content decreased, and the carboxyl content of PET increased slightly. DSC analysis showed that the melting temperature, crystallization temperature and crystallinity of PET increased after thermal-oxidative aging. The results of IR, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra showed that the crystallinity of PET increased after thermal-oxidative aging, the color difference (C) and the transparency (T%) increased, the yellow index(YI) decreased and the content of trans conformation was higher.
Packaging and Logistics Sustainability for the 21st Century
The authors in previous research have shared their understanding of ‘Sustainability’ a term that is often referred to as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the current drivers for sustainable packaging include customer and consumer demands, legislation and recent international reports and policies. Even in this global economic downturn, consumers are being reported to be willing to pay more for less as related to products offered in “eco-friendlyâ€ packaging. In addition they have become more tuned to only getting products that they want fast and directly from their phones and mobile devices form any region in the world, get confirmation of the financial transaction, a guarantee of delivery process, and receive the product or products from various sources at their door steps. This is the biggest trend and change in both logistical and sustainable packaging challenges where transportation costs, delivery in high populations, green packaging, use on new drones and fuel efficient delivery vans are the trend. This paper provides a perspective on the challenges and trends in these areas that are closely related to the final product delivery where you require consumer satisfaction, low costs, environmentally friendly materials, no damage to environment, and be able to face criticism on social media. This paper also wants to avoid “Greenwashingâ€, a term commonly used to indicate false promotion or exaggeration of the “greennessâ€ of packaging is reported to be plentiful in the packaging industry as marketers try to take advantage of consumers’ vulnerabilities associated with environmental stewardship.
Modeling Fluid Milk Waste and the Role of Packaging within the Home
Fluid milk waste makes up 8% of all food wasted and lost in the US. This equates to approximately 4.52 billion L wasted by US consumers each year. Small savings from this enormous total could feed children in elementary schools, fulfill nutritional requirements for food insecure American households, and reduce food’s environmental footprint. Few models have been created on food loss and waste generation (FLWG) within the home for American households, but they could provide insight on causes of FLWG. This study examines how discrete-event simulation (DES) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation can identify areas for FLWG through packaging, specifically for fluid milk. Simevents®, a product built upon the MATLAB® and Simulink® platform, was used to create the milk waste and loss DES model. Model parameters include: amount and type of consumption, type and number of containers bought, buying behavior, shelf life of milk, and waste generation. Simulations comparing purchase of quart size, half gallon, and gallon milk containers were run for 365 days to identify which package type reduces waste for 50 one, two and four person households. Because milk typically has a 7-day shelf life after opening, purchase of two smaller containers, rather than one large container, can effectively prolong shelf life and reduce environmental footprint. Previous research indicates that increasing packaging can lower overall environmental impact if waste is reduced. Further scenarios were evaluated such as extension of milk shelf life, and variation in consumption behavior such as frequency and deviation from mean, milk drinking, milk with tea/coffee, milk with cereal and cooking with milk. Series of parameters were modeled for 1, 2, and 4 person households. Additional field-testing is necessary to determine whether modeled scenarios hold true.
Implementing Sustainability Considerations in Packaging Design Curricula
This study aims to address the structured implementation of sustainability considerations in packaging design processes by proposing a teaching framework for design students. The framework builds upon a four-year research program which aims to deliver insights regarding the environmental burden caused by product-packaging chains in the Netherlands and cumulates in an educational program for Universities of Applied Sciences. The teaching framework addresses five perspectives of product-packaging sustainability: (1) managerial decision making, (2) life cycle assessment (LCA), (3) consumer behavior, (4) recycling efficiency and effectiveness, and (5) redesign of the plastic waste chain. The research’s main contribution is the setup and the applicability and efficacy of the proposed teaching framework. The application of this framework in packaging design education must lead to a better alignment of insights on sustainability in the early stages of packaging design processes executed by ‘designers of the future’.
The Dutch Sector Innovation Plans for Sustainable Packaging: A First Reflection
Member states of the European Union have some flexibility in how they implement EU legislation. With regard to the legislation on packaging and sustainability, the Netherlands has experimented recently with sector innovation plans. Thirteen innovation plans, together representing 88 percentage point (by weight) of packaging introduced on the Dutch market, were drafted and approved. In this paper, we will evaluate the targets formulated in the 13 plans for their diversity and review the process of drafting sector innovation plans through sector organizations. In doing so, we aim to inform policy in other countries.
Sustainability Priorities Across the Strategic and Operational Level in Packaging Development
Sustainability is well-established in many companies’ strategic postures. However, executing sustainability-related goals often lags at the operational level. This study analyzes how decision-making processes in packaging development at different hierarchical levels are characterized in achieving a sustainability consensus. This research focuses on the alignment of the strategic and operational levels of packaging development in relation to the integration of sustainability considerations. This materializes in a stakeholder perspective on packaging development, and an analysis of targets aiming for the integration of sustainability considerations in such development processes. The involvement and decision making by internal stakeholders, the involvement of external stakeholders, and sustainability target setting are considered as conditions causing the outcome of interest: levels of sustainability implementation on both the strategic and the operational level of packaging development. By using a set-theoretic method, we address that different compositions of stakeholder involvement and target setting might cause the same level of sustainability priority at the strategic and the operational level. For data analysis, we use a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) with empirical data derived from surveys among packaging experts. This approach is motivated by its ability to address the complexity of the interplay of case characteristics within development processes.
Analysis on Recycling Mode of Pesticide Packaging Waste at Home and Abroad—Based on Chinese Perspective
With the expansion of pesticide applications, pesticide waste has become a serious source of ecological pollution, and the most important source of pollution is pesticide packaging waste. Therefore, the effective handling of pesticide waste, especially pesticide packaging waste is an important task in China and the world. This paper introduces the present situation of countries with typical patterns abroad and the current situation of recovery in China, and puts forward the suggestions that the government, enterprises and consumers should contribute to the recycling work together with the problems in the recovery and disposal of pesticide packaging waste, and provides a reference for China's packaging recycling system’s establishment.
Evaluation Method of Sustainable Indicator Based on DEA Model
Sustainable packaging is an important way to realize the sustainable development of economy, society and environment. The main method for evaluating the environmental friendliness of packaging is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). But this method has some shortages, for example decided the weight subjectively and unclear output results. In this paper, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method is introduced into the evaluation system of sustainable packaging. This way made the assessment of packaging become more conveniently and clearly, and then analyzed the sustainable packaging indicators of three kinds of milk packaging forms using input-oriented primal CCR model. The result of this study is that the sustainable packaging indicators of composite box is 0.9892, that is inefficient unit, and other units are effective. And the improve way of composite box is given in this study. Last but not least, the results of DEA are consistent with those of LCA.
Study on the Development Mode of China Green Packaging Industry from the View of Circular Economy
Circular economy with 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) is an important path and necessary way to deal with environmental pollution, ecological destruction and sustainable development. Vigorously developing the circular economy and green packaging is the inevitable choice to accelerate the construction of the resource-saving and environment-friendly society. From the perspective of circular economy, elaborated the concept of green packaging, analyzed the relationship between circular economy and green packaging, pointed out the main problems of China's current development of green packaging industry. When China's economy is facing shortage of resources and environmental pollution dilemma situation, we should establish the green packaging development pattern as soon as possible through the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and the public. Based on this background, it is proposed to build the green packaging industry development model of "government-led, enterprise execution, public participation, science and technology and talent support", so that the green packaging industry will develop in a healthy, green and environmental protection direction.
Comparative Study of Life Cycle Assessment on Two Flexible Packaging Lamination Processes
Recently, the air pollution problem in Northern China has become a social focus, packaging printing industry has been considered as one of the most VOCs contributors among them. In the field of flexible packaging laminations, solventless lamination can effectively reduce VOCs emissions from the source and solve atmospheric pollution. It is a green and environmentally friendly lamination process. In this study, dry lamination process was used as the reference group, two-component solventless adhesives were used as the experimental group, two flexible packaging bags (seeds bag with PE/kraft Paper/AL/PE structure) were produced and their life cycle assessment and carbon footprint comparison were performed using eFootprint software. Through systematic research and analysis by using the popular eFootprint LCA online software, the following main research results were obtained: the results showed that the highest carbon content was 41.75% for paper and 39% for solvent-based adhesive when using a solventless lamination process. In the dry lamination process, the highest carbon content was PE film (40%) and solvent-based adhesive (18%). Taking 4000m2 film as a reference, solvent-based adhesives cost twice as much as solventless adhesives and consume 5 times more power. The solventless lamination technology does not have a liquid waste disposal step. We comprehensively compare its packaging performance, environmental and economic benefits. The results show that solventless laminations produce less VOCs emissions, energy consumption, carbon emissions and thus has higher investment-benefit ratios than dry laminations. Solventless lamination is a green flexible packaging lamination process technology that is very competitive and can indeed reduce emissions from the source and reduce atmospheric pollution.
A Study on Packaging Law and Regulation System in China
This thesis combs the legal norm about packaging activities that are scattered in some main Economic Laws such as the Environmental Protection Law, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste, and the Clean Production Law through the literature research method. Meanwhile, it concludes some basic principles like the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the principle of sustainable development, and the packaging life cycle whole process control principle of the packaging law and regulation system that formed by these legal norms. The thesis puts forward that China should make legislation on the packaging industry under the context of advancing the rule of law nationwide in China, so as to promote the sustainable and healthy development and the transformation and upgrading of China’s packaging industry.